Horticulture Principles and Practices Fourth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan Tahun 2009 oleh Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey adalah buku edisi Empat.
Judul: Horticulture Principles and Practices Fourth Edition
Oleh: George Acquaah
Penerbit: Pearson Education, Inc., New Jersey
Tahun: 2009
Jumlah Halaman: 817 hal.
Penulis:
George Acquaah
BOWIE STATE UNIVERSITY, MARYLAND
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini merupakan sumber daya pembelajaran dalam dasar-dasar hortikultura dan referensi untuk penggemar dan profesional. Sebagai buku pembelajaran, buku ini dirancang untuk digunakan di tingkat sarjana. Penekanan ditempatkan pada instruksi dalam prinsip-prinsip dan praktek hortikultura dasar, sehingga meminimalkan bias regional dan nasional.
Sebuah fitur unik dari buku ini adalah masuknya industri highlights. Profesor universitas dan profesional industri lainnya dengan keahlian dalam aspek-aspek tertentu dari hortikultura ikut berkontribusi makalah atau foto untuk meningkatkan topik dalam bab-bab yang dipilih.
Buku ini mencakup banyak foto-foto, gambar garis, dan skema untuk memfasilitasi pemahaman
material dan dapat digunakan untuk referensi secara cepat. Bahan dipilih untuk memberikan pengenalan lengkap untuk empat bidang umum hortikultura: hortikultura hias, budaya buah, sayur budaya, dan arsitektur lansekap. Bagian 1 menjelaskan ilmu yang mendasari. Jumlah waktu yang dihabiskan untuk bab-bab ini tergantung pada latar belakang siswa. Topik yang disajikan dari sudut pandang hortikultura tersebut. Bab-bab dalam buku ini mengemukakan topik yang bersangkutan dalam taksonomi tumbuhan, anatomi tumbuhan, lingkungan tanaman pertumbuhan, fisiologi tanaman, dan perbaikan tanaman. Bagian ini juga membahas Peran ini disiplin ilmu dalam industri hortikultura dan bagaimana mereka diterapkan atau dimanipulasi untuk meningkatkan kinerja tanaman. Bagian 2 membahas bagaimana tanaman hortikultura dilindungi. Siswa belajar tentangb musuh biologis tanaman hortikultura, dan prinsip-prinsip dan metode penyakit dan pengendalian hama. Bagian 3 menyajikan perbanyakan tanaman dan membahas karakteristik metode seksual dan aseksual menyebarkan tanaman. Bagian 4 membahas tanaman dalam Pertumbuhan. Hortikultura dapat dilakukan di daerah terbuka atau di bawah lingkungan yang terkendali di mana faktor-faktor pertumbuhan yang dimanipulasi untuk kinerja yang optimal dari tanaman. Siswa belajar bagaimana rumah kaca ini dirancang dan digunakan dalam produksi tanaman. Hidroponik dibahas secara rinci. Pada bagian ini, siswa diinstruksikan dalam ilmu dan seni tanaman yang tumbuh dalam wadah di rumah dan kantor. Bagian 5 membahas tumbuh tanaman di luar ruangan, termasuk cakupan rinci instalasi, menggunakan, dan pemeliharaan tanaman dalam lanskap. Sebuah diskusi tentang pembentukan dan pemeliharaan rumput, serta pemangkasan dan pemeliharaan lanskap alat, juga disajikan. Bagian 6 berfokus pada budaya tanaman untuk makanan. Tanaman yang dipilih dan rempah-rempah juga dibahas, serta pembentukan dan pemeliharaan kebun. Bagian 7 membahas teknik hortikultura khusus, desain khusus bunga, terarium budaya, dan bonsai. Merangkai bunga merupakan kegiatan utama dalam industri hortikultura yang dapat terlibat dalam oleh para profesional dan penggemar serta Penanganan pascapanen produk hortikultura.
Daftar Isi:
Preface xxi
PART 1 THE UNDERLYING SCIENCE 1
Chapter 1 WHAT IS HORTICULTURE? 3
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 3
OVERVIEW 3
1.1 WHAT IS HORTICULTURE? 4
1.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE 4
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: MYRIAD BOTANICAL GARDENS 6
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: AALSMEER FLOWER AUCTION – A WORLD LEADER 12
1.3 DIVISIONS OF HORTICULTURE 16
1.4 ROLE OF THE NURSERY AND SEED INDUSTRIES IN HORTICULTURE 17
1.5 HORTICULTURE AND SOCIETY 19
1.6 THERAPEUTIC USE OF HORTICULTURE 24
1.7 HORTICULTURE ON THE INTERNET 24
Summary 26
References and Suggested Reading 26
Practical Experience 27
Outcomes Assessment 27
Chapter 2 CLASSIFYING AND NAMING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 29
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 29
OVERVIEW 29
2.1 SCIENTIFIC AND BOTANICAL SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION 30
2.2 TAXONOMIC GROUPS 30
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: HISTORY OF PLANT TAXONOMY 35
2.3 OTHER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS (OPERATIONAL) 43
2.4 CLASSIFICATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 52
2.5 FLOWERS IN CLASSIFICATION 56
2.6 SOME FAMILIES OF HORTICULTURAL IMPORTANCE 56
Summary 60
References and Suggested Reading 60
Practical Experience 60
Outcomes Assessment 61
Chapter 3 PLANT ANATOMY 62
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 62
OVERVIEW 62
3.1 CELL 63
3.2 TYPES OF PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES 68
3.3 STEM 71
3.4 LEAF 75
3.5 ROOTS 82
3.6 STRUCTURE OFWOOD 85
3.7 BARK 87
3.8 FLOWERS 88
3.9 SEED 90
3.10 FRUITS 91
Summary 91
References and Suggested Reading 92
Practical Experience 93
Outcomes Assessment 93
Chapter 4 PLANT GROWTH ENVIRONMENT 94
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 94
OVERVIEW 94
4.1 CLIMATE, WEATHER, AND HORTICULTURE 95
4.2 ABOVEGROUND ENVIRONMENT 95
4.3 BELOWGROUND (SOIL) ENVIRONMENT 108
4.4 FERTILIZERS 117
4.5 SOIL ORGANISMS 127
4.6 SOIL AIR 128
4.7 SOIL TEMPERATURE 128
4.8 SOILWATER 129
4.9 FIELD GROWING MEDIA 140
4.10 POTTING MEDIA 142
4.11 SOIL STERILIZATION 148
4.12 LIQUID MEDIA 149
Summary 150
References and Suggested Reading 150
Practical Experience 151
Outcomes Assessment 152
Chapter 5 PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 153
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 153
OVERVIEW 153
5.1 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 154
5.2 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS OF PLANT CELLS 157
5.3 PLANT GROWTH PROCESSES 160
5.4 DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF GROWTH 170
5.5 PHASES IN THE PLANT LIFE CYCLE 172
5.6 PLANT HORMONES 178
5.7 NONPATHOGENIC (PHYSIOLOGICAL) PLANT DISORDERS 180
Summary 182
References and Suggested Reading 183
Practical Experience 183
Outcomes Assessment 184
Chapter 6 BREEDING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 185
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 185
OVERVIEW 185
6.1 WHAT IS PLANT BREEDING? 186
6.2 THE ART AND SCIENCE OF PLANT BREEDING 186
6.3 THE CONCEPT OF GENETIC MANIPULATION 187
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: APPLICATION OF TISSUE CULTURE IN MODERN
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF DAYLILY (HEMEROCALLIS SP.) 188
6.4 REVIEW OF GENERAL GENETIC PRINCIPLES 196
6.5 BRIEF REVIEW OF MENDELIAN GENETICS 196
6.6 COMPLEX INHERITANCE 197
6.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 198
6.8 ROLE OF VARIATION IN PLANT BREEDING 199
6.9 THE PLANT BREEDER AS A DECISION MAKER 199
6.10 GENERAL STEPS IN A BREEDING PROGRAM 200
6.11 SELECTION IN BREEDING 200
6.12 HYBRIDIZATION IN PLANT BREEDING 201
6.13 METHODS OF BREEDING 201
6.14 BREEDING HYBRIDS 202
6.15 CULTIVAR RELEASE AND CERTIFICATION 202
6.16 BREEDING ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES 203
6.17 BREEDING SEEDLESS FRUITS 203
6.18 BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PLANT BREEDING 204
6.19 BREEDING GENETICALLY MODIFIED CULTIVARS 205
6.20 USE OF MARKERS IN PLANT BREEDING 205
6.21 SUCCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING OF PLANTS 206
6.22 THE BIOTECHNOLOGY DEBATE 206
6.23 TISSUE CULTURE IN PLANT BREEDING 207
Summary 208
References and Suggested Reading 209
Practical Experience 209
Outcomes Assessment 209
PART 2 PROTECTING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 211
Chapter 7 BIOLOGICAL ENEMIES OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 213
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 213
OVERVIEW 213
Module 1: Plants as Pests 214
7.1 WEEDS 214
7.2 PARASITIC PLANTS 216
7.3 SELECTED COMMONWEEDS 217
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: THE CURRENT APPROACH TOWEED CONTROL 218
Summary 222
Module 2: Animal Pests of Plants 222
7.4 INSECTS 222
7.5 DISEASES 230
7.6 OTHER PESTS OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 232
7.7 HOW DISEASE OCCURS 234
Summary 239
References and Suggested Reading 239
Outcomes Assessment 239
Chapter 8 PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF DISEASE AND PEST CONTROL 240
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 240
OVERVIEW 240
Module 1: Principles of Pest Control 241
8.1 CONTROL STRATEGIES 241
8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF PESTICIDES 245
8.3 GROWTH REGULATORS IN PEST CONTROL 246
8.4 CHOOSING A PESTICIDE 247
8.5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT 252
Summary 254
Module 2: Biological, Cultural, Legislative, Physical, and Mechanical Control of
Plant Pests 254
8.6 RATIONALE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 254
8.7 STRATEGIES OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL 255
8.8 CULTURAL CONTROL 257
8.9 LEGISLATIVE CONTROL 259
8.10 MECHANICAL AND PHYSICAL CONTROL 260
Summary 261
Module 3: Chemical Control of Plant Pests: Insecticides 261
8.11 INSECTICIDES AND THEIR USE 261
Summary 270
Module 4: Chemical Control of Plant Pests: Herbicides 270
OVERVIEW 270
8.12 CLASSIFICATION OF HERBICIDES 270
8.13 FORMULATIONS 272
8.14 METHODS OF APPLICATION 273
8.15 FACTORS INFLUENCING HERBICIDE EFFECTIVENESS 273
8.16 INDOORWEED CONTROL 274
8.17 SUGGESTED HERBICIDES FOR THE LANDSCAPE 274
8.18 SUGGESTED HERBICIDES FOR THE HOME GARDEN 274
Summary 275
Module 5: Greenhouse Pest Control 275
8.19 COMMON GREENHOUSE INSECT PESTS 275
8.20 COMMON GREENHOUSE DISEASES 276
8.21 CONTROL METHODS 277
8.22 CONTROL STRATEGIES 278
8.23 PREVENTING GREENHOUSE DISEASES 279
Summary 280
References and Suggested Reading 280
Outcomes Assessment 280
PART 3 PROPAGATING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS 281
Chapter 9 SEXUAL PROPAGATION 283
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 283
OVERVIEW 283
9.1 SEED FORMATION 284
9.2 SEED PRODUCTION AND CERTIFICATION PROCESS 285
9.3 SEED LAW 286
9.4 SEED QUALITY ANALYSIS 286
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: BRIEF OUTLINE OF SEED TESTING 288
9.5 SEED VIABILITY AND LONGEVITY 295
9.6 TAGGING COMMERCIAL SEED 295
9.7 PURCHASING SEED 296
9.8 SEED COMPANIES 296
9.9 SEED DORMANCY 296
9.10 IMPROVING GERMINATION CAPACITY OF SEEDS 297
9.11 SEED TREATMENT 298
9.12 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS FOR SEED GERMINATION 299
9.13 SEED GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE 300
9.14 METHODS OF SEEDING 302
9.15 SEED NURSERY ACTIVITIES 304
9.16 TRANSPLANTING 308
Summary 310
References and Suggested Reading 311
Practical Experience 311
Outcomes Assessment 311
Chapter 10 ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 312
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 312
OVERVIEW 312
10.1 ADVANTAGES 313
10.2 DISADVANTAGES 313
10.3 ADVENTITIOUS ROOTING IN ASEXUAL PROPAGATION 314
10.4 APOMIXIS 314
Module 1: Cuttings 314
10.5 TYPES OF CUTTINGS 314
10.6 FACTORS AFFECTING ROOTING OF CUTTINGS 318
10.7 TRANSPLANTING 321
Summary 321
Module 2: Grafting 321
10.8 NATURE OF GRAFTING 321
10.9 WHEN TO USE GRAFTING 322
10.10 GENERAL CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESS 324
10.11 METHODS OF GRAFTING 325
Summary 328
Module 3: Building 329
10.12 TYPES OF BUDDING 329
Summary 330
Module 4: Layering 331
10.13 TYPES OF LAYERING 331
Summary 334
Module 5: Specialized Underground Structures 335
10.14 TYPES OF SPECIALIZED UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES 335
Summary 339
Module 6: Micropropagation (Tissue Culture) 340
10.15 THE TECHNIQUE 340
10.16 APPLICATIONS 341
References and Suggested Reading 342
Outcomes Assessment 342
PART 4 GROWING PLANTS INDOORS 343
Chapter 11 GROWING HOUSEPLANTS 345
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 345
OVERVIEW 345
11.1 FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE CHOICE OF HOUSEPLANTS 346
11.2 USING PLANTS IN THE HOME 349
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: CONTAINER GARDENS 353
11.3 CARING FOR HOUSEPLANTS 363
11.4 SEASONAL CARE OF HOUSEPLANTS 372
11.5 POTTING MEDIA 374
11.6 POTTING PLANTS 374
11.7 REPOTTING 375
11.8 PROVIDING SUPPORT 379
11.9 DISEASES AND PESTS OF HOUSEPLANTS 379
11.10 COMMON SYMPTOMS OF ILL HEALTH IN HOUSEPLANTS 380
11.11 COMMON HOUSEPLANTS AND THEIR CARE 382
Summary 386
References and Suggested Reading 387
Practical Experience 387
Outcomes Assessment 388
Chapter 12 CONTROLLED-ENVIRONMENT HORTICULTURE 389
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 389
OVERVIEW 389
12.1 WHAT IS A GREENHOUSE? 390
12.2 GREENHOUSE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 390
12.3 INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL 405
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: BUILDING AND MAINTAINING GREENHOUSES FOR
ENERGY SAVINGS 406
12.4 GREENHOUSE PESTS 435
Summary 436
References and Suggested Reading 436
Practical Experience 436
Outcomes Assessment 437
Chapter 13 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION 438
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 438
OVERVIEW 438
13.1 IMPORTANCE OF GREENHOUSES IN PLANT PRODUCTION 439
13.2 PRODUCTION REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES 439
13.3 THE ROLE OF IMPORTS 440
13.4 PRODUCTION COSTS 440
13.5 PRODUCTION AND MARKETING STRATEGIES 441
13.6 THE CONCEPT AND APPLICATION OF DIF 441
13.7 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION SYSTEMS 442
13.8 SOILLESS CULTURE 443
Summary 450
References and Suggested Reading 450
Outcomes Assessment 450
Chapter 14 GROWING SUCCULENTS 451
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 451
14.1 WHAT ARE SUCCULENTS 451
14.2 CATEGORIES OF SUCCULENTS 452
14.3 POPULAR SUCCULENTS (NONCACTI) 453
14.4 PROPAGATION 457
14.5 GROWTH REQUIREMENTS 458
14.6 BROMELIADS 458
14.7 CACTI 461
14.8 PROPAGATION 466
14.9 CARING FOR CACTI 467
14.10 MINIATURE ROCK GARDEN 468
14.11 GRAFTED CACTI 468
Summary 469
References and Suggested Reading 470
Practical Experience 470
Outcomes Assessment 470
PART 5 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: ORNAMENTALS 471
Chapter 15 PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPING 473
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 473
OVERVIEW 473
15.1 WHAT IS LANDSCAPING? 474
15.2 CATEGORIES OF LANDSCAPING 475
15.3 LANDSCAPE DESIGNING 476
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: GUIDELINES FOR LANDSCAPE DESIGN 481
15.4 FORMAL VERSUS INFORMAL GARDENS 486
15.5 PLANNING A RESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE 488
15.6 PLANNING A NONRESIDENTIAL LANDSCAPE 491
15.7 PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE 492
15.8 OTHER FUNCTIONAL USES OF PLANTS IN THE LANDSCAPE 496
15.9 XERISCAPING 498
Summary 499
References and Suggested Reading 499
Outcomes Assessment 499
Chapter 16 NURSERY PRODUCTION 500
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 500
16.1 THE ROLE OF THE NURSERY WORKER 500
16.2 LOCATION OF THE NURSERY 501
16.3 CONTAINER NURSERY PRODUCTION 503
16.4 FIELD NURSERY 506
16.5 RETAIL NURSERY 508
Summary 508
References and Suggested Reading 508
Outcomes Assessment 508
Chapter 17 INSTALLATION OF THE LANDSCAPE 509
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 509
OVERVIEW 509
17.1 LANDSCAPE CONSTRUCTION 510
17.2 ROLE OF ANNUAL BEDDING PLANTS 513
17.3 DESIGNING A FLOWER GARDEN 513
17.4 COMMON PERENNIAL BEDDING PLANTS 517
Summary 519
17.5 CHOOSING A GROUND COVER 519
17.6 ORNAMENTAL GRASSES 522
17.7 BAMBOOS 524
17.8 SEDGES 524
17.9 RUSHES 524
Summary 524
17.10 CHOOSING TREES 524
17.11 PURCHASING TREES FOR PLANTING 527
17.12 PREPLANTING STORAGE 528
17.13 FACTORS FOR TRANSPLANTING SUCCESS 528
17.14 PLANTING TREES 529
17.15 POSTPLANTING IMMEDIATE CARE 530
17.16 SELECTED TREES FOR THE LANDSCAPE 532
17.17 USING TREES IN THE LANDSCAPE 533
17.18 INSTALLATION OF SHRUBS 534
17.19 USING SHRUBS IN THE LANDSCAPE 535
17.20 SHRUBS, BUSHES, AND VINES WITH ATTRACTIVE FALL COLORS 535
Summary 537
17.21 BULBS, CORMS, TUBERS, AND RHIZOMES 537
Summary 541
References and Suggested Reading 541
Outcomes Assessment 541
Chapter 18 TURF PRODUCTION AND USE 542
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 542
OVERVIEW 542
18.1 PURPOSE OF LAWNS 543
18.2 ESTABLISHING A LAWN 544
18.3 PLANTING TURFGRASS 549
18.4 PLANTING GRASS BY VEGETATIVE METHODS 552
18.5 TURF MANAGEMENT 555
18.6 COMMON PROBLEMS IN THE LAWN 561
18.7 TURF FOR ATHLETIC PURPOSES 562
Summary 564
References and Suggested Reading 564
Practical Experience 565
Chapter 19 PRUNING 566
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 566
OVERVIEW 566
19.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF PRUNING AND TRAINING 567
19.2 OBJECTIVES OF PRUNING 568
19.3 PLANT RESPONSE TO PRUNING 569
19.4 PRUNING TOOLS 570
19.5 PRUNING TECHNIQUES 572
19.6 STRATEGIES FOR PRUNING ABOVEGROUND PLANT PARTS 577
19.7 TREE TOPPING 578
19.8 PRUNING ROOTS 579
19.9 TRAINING PLANTS 580
19.10 TRAINING AND PRUNING ORNAMENTAL TREES 580
19.11 MAINTENANCE OF ESTABLISHED TREES 583
19.12 RENOVATING ESTABLISHED TREES 584
19.13 SPECIAL TRAINING AND PRUNING TECHNIQUES 584
19.14 TRAINING AND PRUNING FRUIT TREES 585
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: TRAINING & PRUNING DECIDUOUS FRUIT TREES 587
19.15 COMMON TREE PROBLEMS 600
19.16 TRAINING AND PRUNING SMALL FRUIT TREES 600
19.17 PRUNING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS 601
19.18 PRUNING HEDGES 603
19.19 ORNAMENTAL STEMS 605
19.20 TRAINING AND PRUNING CLIMBING PLANTS 606
Summary 607
References and Suggested Reading 608
Outcomes Assessment 608
PART 6 GROWING PLANTS OUTDOORS: VEGETABLES, FRUITS, AND NUTS 609
Chapter 20 GROWING VEGETABLES OUTDOORS 611
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 611
OVERVIEW 611
20.1 NUTRITIONAL AND ECONOMIC VALUE OF VEGETABLES 612
20.2 ADAPTATION OF VEGETABLES 612
20.3 REGIONALIZED PRODUCTION OF VEGETABLES 612
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: PLASTICULTURE IN NORTH AMERICA 614
20.4 VEGETABLE MARKET TYPES 627
20.5 SOILS OF MAJOR PRODUCTION REGIONS 627
20.6 GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 627
20.7 THE IMPORTANCE OF MULCHES IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION 628
20.8 IRRIGATING VEGETABLES 629
20.9 HOME GARDEN 629
References and Suggested Reading 635
20.10 GROWING CUCURBITS 635
20.11 TOMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) 638
20.12 PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP.) 639
20.13 POTATO (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM) 640
20.14 SWEET POTATO (IPOMEA BATATAS) 641
20.15 CORN (ZEA MAYS) 642
20.16 ONION (ALLIUM CEPA) 642
20.17 LETTUCE (LETUCA SATIVA) 643
20.18 BRASSICA 644
References 645
Outcomes Assessement 645
Chapter 21 HERB GARDENING 646
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 646
OVERVIEW 646
21.1 USES 646
21.2 CULTIVATION 647
Summary 650
References and Suggested Reading 650
Outcomes Assessment 650
Chapter 22 ORGANIC FARMING 651
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 651
OVERVIEW 651
22.1 WHAT IS ORGANIC FARMING? 652
22.2 IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING IN MODERN CROP PRODUCTION 652
22.3 PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING 653
22.4 ORGANIC FARM CERTIFICATION 654
22.5 THE CERTIFICATION PROCESS 654
22.6 AMENDMENTS APPROVED FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION 656
22.7 PLANTING MATERIAL 656
22.8 MANAGING SOIL PHYSICAL QUALITY 657
22.9 SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT 657
22.10 WEED MANAGEMENT 658
22.11 DISEASE AND INSECT PEST CONTROL 659
22.12 BUFFERS AND BARRIERS 660
22.13 RECORD KEEPING 660
22.14 COMPOSTING 660
22.15 COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 664
22.16 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CONSTRUCTING AND MONITORING A COMPOST
HEAP 664
22.17 CONSTRUCTING OUTDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 665
22.18 INDOOR COMPOSTING SYSTEMS 668
22.19 MAINTAINING COMPOST PILES 669
Summary 669
References and Suggested Reading 670
Practical Experience 670
Chapter 23 ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF AN ORCHARD 671
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 671
OVERVIEW 671
23.1 IMPORTANCE OF FRUIT AND NUT TREES 671
23.2 PRODUCTION REGIONS 672
23.3 LOCATING A FRUIT ORCHARD 672
23.4 PROPAGATION 674
23.5 THE ANNUAL CYCLE OF A FRUIT TREE 675
23.6 SPACING FRUIT TREES 675
23.7 FRUIT TREE PLANTING STYLES 676
23.8 GROWTH REGULATORS 676
23.9 PEST CONTROL 676
23.10 GROUND COVERS 677
23.11 HARVESTING 677
23.12 PRUNING AND TRAINING 678
Outcomes Assessment 678
PART 7 SPECIAL TECHNIQUES AND HANDLING OF HORTICULTURAL
PRODUCTS 679
Chapter 24 CUT FLOWERS AND FLORAL DESIGN 681
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 681
OVERVIEW 681
24.1 CUT FLOWER SPECIES 682
24.2 CULTURE 683
24.3 FLOWER ARRANGING 686
INDUSTRY HIGHLIGHT: FLORAL DESIGN: AN OVERVIEW 687
24.4 DRIED FLOWERS 698
Summary 701
References and Suggested Reading 701
Practical Experience 701
Outcomes Assessment 702
Chapter 25 TERRARIUM CULTURE 703
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 703
OVERVIEW 703
25.1 TYPES OF TERRARIUMS 704
25.2 DESIGNING A TERRARIUM OR BOTTLE GARDEN 704
25.3 TOOLS 706
25.4 THE PLANTING MEDIUM 706
25.5 PLANTING 707
25.6 CARE AND MAINTENANCE 708
25.7 TROUBLESHOOTING 709
Summary 709
References and Suggested Reading 709
Outcomes Assessment 709
Chapter 26 BONSAI: THE ART OFMINIATURE PLANT CULTURE 710
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 710
OVERVIEW 710
26.1 PRINCIPLES 711
26.2 CREATING THE BONSAI 713
26.3 TRAINING BONSAI 714
26.4 REPOTTING BONSAI 717
26.5 POSTESTABLISHMENT CARE 718
Summary 720
References and Suggested Reading 720
Outcomes Assessment 720
Chapter 27 POSTHARVEST HANDLING AND MARKETING OF HORTICULTURAL
PRODUCTS 721
PURPOSE AND EXPECTED OUTCOMES 721
OVERVIEW 721
27.1 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF POSTHARVEST LOSSES 722
27.2 HARVESTING 722
27.3 HANDLING 725
27.4 POSTHARVEST CHANGES IN PRODUCTS 727
27.5 STORING UNPROCESSED PRODUCTS 727
27.6 TEMPERATURE-INDUCED INJURY 730
27.7 FUMIGATION 730
27.8 PROCESSING OF HORTICULTURAL PRODUCTS 730
27.9 MARKETING ALTERNATIVES 732
27.10 THE ROLE OF INTERMEDIARIES IN MARKETING 734
27.11 ELEMENTS OF MARKETING 735
Summary 736
References and Suggested Reading 736
Outcomes Assessment 736
Appendix A: TEMPERATURE: CONVERTING BETWEEN CELSIUS AND FAHRENHEIT
SCALES 737
Appendix B: METRIC CONVERSION CHART 739
Appendix C: ENGLISH UNITS CONVERSION CHART 740
Appendix D: COMMON AND SCIENTIFIC NAMES OF SELECTED PLANTS 741
Appendix E: SELECTED BOTANICAL GARDENS AND ARBORETA 744
Glossary 745
Index 755
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