Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience
Buku ini diterbitkan pertama kali Tahun 2005 oleh Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning.
Buku ini adalah buku edisi 2 yang terbit tahun 2008.
Judul: Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind, Research, and Everyday Experience
Oleh: E. Bruce Goldstein
Penerbit: Wadsworth, a part of Cengage Learning.
Tahun: 2008
Jumlah Halaman: 591 hal.
Penulis:
E. Bruce Goldstein adalah anggota dari program psikologi kognitif di Departemen Psikologi di University of Pittsburgh dan Profesor Ajun Psikologi di University of Arizona. Dia menerima Distinguished Teaching Award Kanselir untuk bidang mengajar dan menulis buku. Ia menerima gelar PhD dalam percobaan
psikologi dari Brown University dan merupakan doktor di Departemen Biologi di Harvard University sebelum bergabung dengan fakultas di Universitas Pittsburgh. Bruce telah menerbitkan makalah tentang retina dan korteks fisiologi, perhatian visual, dan persepsi gambar. Dia juga menulis buku Sensation & Perception (7th edition, Wadsworth, 2007) and the editor of the Blackwell Handbook of Perception (Blackwell, 2001) and the forthcoming two-volume Encyclopedia of Perception (Sage). Ia mengajarkan kursus sarjana di kognitif psikologi dan sensasi dan persepsi dan lulusan kursus di pengajaran psikologi.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku edisi pertama merupakan gabungan berbagai elemen yang dirancang untuk mencapai tujuan
meliputi prinsip-prinsip dasar psikologi kognitif dengan cara yang menarik dan mudah dimengerti siswa. Popularitas teks (diadopsi pada lebih dari 160 sekolah) menunjukkan bahwa pendekatan ini ternyata menyentuh hati dengan kedua guru dan mahasiswa.
Buku Edisi kedua mencakup fitur yang diuraikan di Buku Edisi 1, ditambah dua fitur pedagogis
yaitu: bagian Ujian, yang membantu siswa meninjau materi, dan Pikirkan pertanyaan ini, yang meminta siswa untuk mempertimbangkan pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang masuk di luar materi. Dua fitur pedagogis tambahan. Buku edisi 2 ini juga telah ditambah dengan Jika Anda Ingin Lebih Tahu dan Rangkuman Bab. Jika Anda Ingin lebih Tahu mencakup deskripsi singkat topik menarik yang berhubungan dengan bab. Beberapa referensi disediakan untuk membantu siswa mulai mengeksplorasi tambahan material. Ringkasan Bab memberikan garis besar singkat dari bab. Langkah pertama dalam menentukan perubahan apa untuk membuat dalam teks adalah untuk memperoleh umpan balik dari mahasiswa di kelas.
Buku ini disusun dengan menggunakan metode yang terintegrasi dalam teks yang menggambarkan perkenalan setiap metode untuk mencapai tujuan utama yaitu menyajikan ilmu kognisi yang sukses mengemukakan metode cerdik untuk mempelajari pikiran. Buku ini tidak hanya menyoroti pentingnya
metode, tetapi membuatnya lebih mudah untuk kembali ke deskripsi dalam teks. Berikut adalah beberapa contoh (lihat halaman xx untuk daftar lengkap):
● pencitraan otak
● tugas Flanker-kompatibilitas
● Pengulangan priming
● Kalimat teknik verifi kasi
● scanning Mental
● Berpikir-keras protokol
Edisi kedua juga mengandung banyak konten baru. Ada lebih dari 100 istilah glossary baru, dan lebih dari 25 persen dari referensi baru untuk edisi ini.
Sebagian besar referensi baru mencerminkan penelitian yang dipublikasikan sejak tahun 2000, namun beberapa penelitian yang lebih tua yang membantu menceritakan kisah psikologi kognitif juga telah ditambahkan. Sebagian besar bahan baru ini muncul dalam akhir-bab fitur baru yang disebut Sesuatu untuk Kata pengantar untuk Pertimbangkan, yang menggambarkan mutakhir atau penelitian yang kontroversial.
Daftar Isi:
Chapter 1 Introduction to Cognitive Psychology 1
The Challenge of Cognitive Psychology 3
The Decline and Rebirth of Cognitive Psychology 10
How Do Cognitive Psychologists Study the Mind? 16
Something to Consider: Studying Cognition Across Many Disciplines 21
Test Yourself 1.1 22
Chapter Summary 23
Think About It 24
If You Want to Know More 24
Key Terms 25
CogLab: Mental Rotation 25
Chapter 2 Cognition and the Brain: Basic Principles 27
Neurons: The Building Blocks of the Nervous System 30
How Neurons Communicate 34
How Neurons Process Information 36
Test Yourself 2.1 40
How Stimuli Are Represented by the Firing of Neurons 40
Cognitive Processes and the Brain 42
Interacting With the Environment Affects Operation of the Nervous System 48
Something to Consider: Are There Grandmother Cells After All? 50
Test Yourself 2.2 51
Chapter Summary 52
Think About It 52
If You Want to Know More 53
Key Terms 53
CogLab: Receptive Fields; Brain Asymmetry 54
Chapter 3 Perception 55
Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing in Perception 57
Recognizing Letters and Objects 61
Perceptual Organization: Putting Together an Organized World 72
How Experience and Knowledge Create “Perceptual Intelligence” 84
Something to Consider: Perception Depends on Attention 91
Test Yourself 3.2 94
Chapter Summary 94
Think About It 95
If You Want to Know More 96
Key Terms 97
CogLab: Change Detection; Apparent Motion; Blind Spot; Metacontrast Masking; Muller-Lyer
Illusion; Signal Detection; Visual Search; Garner Interference 97
Chapter 4 Attention 99
Selective Attention: When Does Selection Occur? 101
How Does Task Load Affect Selective Attention? 110
Divided Attention: Paying Attention to More Than One Thing 114
Attention and Visual Processing 120
Something to Consider: Attention in Social Situations—The Case of Autism 127
Test Yourself 4.2 130
Chapter Summary 130
Think About It 131
If You Want to Know More 132
Key Terms 133
CogLab: Stroop Effect; Spatial Cueing; Attentional Blink; Change Detection; Simon Effect;
Von Restorff Effect 134
Chapter 5 Short-Term and Working Memory 135
What Is Memory? 136
Sensory Memory 141
Short-Term Memory 145
Test Yourself 5.1 153
Working Memory: The Modern Approach to Short-Term Memory 154
Working Memory and the Brain 164
Something to Consider: Working Memory in American Sign Language 168
Test Yourself 5.2 170
Chapter Summary 171
Think About It 172
If You Want to Know More 173
Key Terms 174
CogLab: Partial Report; Brown-Peterson; Memory Span; Phonological Similarity Effect;
Apparent Movement; Irrelevant Speech Effect; Modality Effect; Operation Span; Position Error;
Sternberg Search 174
Chapter 6 Long-Term Memory: Basic Principles 176
Introduction to Long-Term Memory 179
Declarative Memory 187
Implicit Memory 191
How Does Information Become Stored in Long-Term Memory? 196
Test Yourself 6.1 207
How Are Memories Stored in the Brain? 207
How Do We Retrieve Information From Long-Term Memory? 215
What Memory Research Tells Us About Studying 221
Something to Consider: Are Memories Ever “Permanent”? 225
Test Yourself 6.2 228
Chapter Summary 229
Think About It 231
If You Want to Know More 231
Key Terms 233
CogLab: Serial Position; Implicit Learning; Levels of Processing; Encoding Specifi city; Suffi x Effect;
Von Restorff Effect 233
Chapter 7 Everyday Memory and Memory Errors 235
Prospective Memory: What I’m Going to Do Later 237
Autobiographical Memory: What Has Happened in My Life 238
The Constructive Nature of Memory 249
Test Yourself 7.1 253
Memory Can Be Modifi ed or Created by Suggestion 260
Why Do People Make Errors in Eyewitness Testimony? 266
Something to Consider: Memories of Childhood Abuse 275
Test Yourself 7.2 276
Chapter Summary 276
Think About It 279
If You Want to Know More 279
Key Terms 281
CogLab: Remember/Know; False Memory; Forgot It All Along Effect 281
Chapter 8 Knowledge 283
Categories Are Essential, but Defi nitions Don’t Work 284
Determining Categories by Similarity: Using Prototypes or Exemplars 288
Is There a Psychologically “Privileged” Level of Categories? 295
Test Yourself 8.1 298
Representing Relationships Between Categories: Semantic Networks 299
Representing Concepts in Networks: The Connectionist Approach 307
Categories in the Brain 314
Something to Consider: The Effect of Culture on “Basic” Levels for Categorization and for
Inference 315
Test Yourself 8.2 318
Chapter Summary 318
Think About It 320
If You Want to Know More 320
Key Terms 320
CogLab: Prototypes; Lexical Decision; Absolute Identifi cation 321
Chapter 9 Visual Imagery 322
What Is Imagery, and What Is It For? 323
Imagery in the History of Psychology 325
Imagery and Perception: Do They Share the Same Mechanisms? 327
Test Yourself 9.1 336
Imagery and the Brain 337
Using Imagery to Improve Memory 347
Something to Consider: Mental Representation of Mechanical Systems 350
Test Yourself 9.2 352
Chapter Summary 352
Think About It 353
If You Want to Know More 354
Key Terms 355
CogLab: Mental Rotation; Link Word 355
Chapter 10 Language 356
What Is Language? 357
Perceiving and Understanding Words 360
Understanding Sentences 368
Test Yourself 10.1 376
Understanding Text and Stories 377
Producing Language: Speech Errors 381
Producing Language: Conversations 383
Something to Consider: Culture, Language, and Cognition 387
Test Yourself 10.2 388
Chapter Summary 389
Think About It 390
If You Want to Know More 391
Key Terms 393
CogLab: Word Superiority; Lexical Decision; Categorical Perception—Identifi cation;
Categorical Perception—Discrimination 394
Chapter 11 Problem Solving 395
What Is a Problem? 396
The Gestalt Approach: Problem Solving as Representation and Restructuring 397
Modern Research on Problem Solving: The Information-Processing Approach 404
Test Yourself 11.1 413
Using Analogies to Solve Problems 413
How Experts Solve Problems 421
Creative Problem Solving 423
Something to Consider: Sleep Inspires Insight 428
Test Yourself 11.2 429
Chapter Summary 430
Think About It 431
If You Want to Know More 432
Key Terms 432
Chapter 12 Reasoning and Decision Making 434
Deductive Reasoning: Thinking Categorically 437
Deductive Reasoning: Thinking Conditionally 443
Test Yourself 12.1 452
Inductive Reasoning: Reaching Conclusions From Evidence 452
Culture, Cognition, and Inductive Reasoning 463
Decision Making: Choosing Among Alternatives 466
The Physiology of Thinking 472
Something to Consider: Is What Is Good for You Also Good for Me? 476
Test Yourself 12.2 478
Chapter Summary 479
Think About It 481
If You Want to Know More 481
Key Terms 483
CogLab: Wason Selection Task; Typical Reasoning; Risky Decisions; Decision Making; Monty
Hall 484
Glossary 485
References 507
Name Index 539
Subject Index 544
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