The Cognitive Psychology of Planning Current Issues in Thinking & Reasoning
Buku ini pertama kali diterbitkan tahun 2005 oleh Psychology Press, Ltd.
Judul: The Cognitive Psychology of Planning Current Issues in Thinking & Reasoning
Oleh: Robin Morris, etal (Editor)
Penerbit: Psychology Press, Ltd.
Tahun: 2005
Jumlah Halaman: 257 hal.
Editor:
Geoff Ward
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, UK
Robin Morris
Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini terdiri atas sepuluh bagian pokok. Bagin 1 adalah pendahuuluan membahas tentang Pengantar Perencanaan psikologi. Bagian 2 Perencanaan dan pemecahan masalah dalam domain yang terdefinisi dengan baik. Bagian 3. Perencanaan dan masalah tidak jelas Bagian 4 Bekerja dengan Memori dan Perencanaa. Bagian 5 Perencanaan dan pengendalian pikiran dan tindakan eksekutif. Bagian 6 Proses Penuaan orang Dewasa dan perencanaan kognitif. Bagian 7 Perencanaan kognitif pada Manusia: wawasan baru dari tugas Tower of London (TOL). Bagian 8 Perencanaan pada pasien dengan kerusakan otak fokal: Dari yang sederhana sampai kinerja tugas yang kompleks. Bagian 9 Perencanaan dan otak. Bagian 10 Pencarian untuk proses perencanaan tertentu.
Daftar Isi:
List of contributors ix
1. Introduction to the psychology of planning 1
Geoff Ward and Robin Morris
Introduction 1
Theoretical background 2
Methodology and planning 24
Neuropsychology and planning 26
Overview of the chapters in this volume 27
References 32
2. Planning and problem solving in well-defined domains 35
Simon P. Davies
Introduction 35
Characterizing planning behaviour in well-defined domains 36
Selection and effectiveness of different planning behaviours 39
Problem complexity and planning strategy 39
Problem-solving environment and planning strategy 41
Individual and group differences and planning strategy 44
Effectiveness of initial planning 46
Summary and conclusions 48
References 48
3. Planning and ill-defined problems 53
Thomas C. Ormerod
Introduction 53
Planning in puzzle solving 55
Plans, planning and expert skill 60
Conclusions 67
References 69
4. Working memory and planning 71
K. J. Gilhooly
Introduction 71
General strategies for developing plans of action 73
Working memory in computational models of problem solving and planning 75
Multi-component approaches to working memory 76
Single resource approaches to working memory 78
“Move” tasks: The Tower of London (TOL) 78
Studies of planning and working memory in chess 83
Concluding comments 85
References 85
5. Planning and the executive control of thought and action 89
Geoff Ward
Introduction 89
Do we possess “lower level” action plans? 92
Lower order planning: How do we control the initiation of lower level action plans? 93
“Higher order” planning I: Planning what to do to solve a problem 96
“Higher order” planning II: Planning when to do things to solve a problem 99
When and why do we plan? 105
Summary 107
References 108
6. Adult ageing and cognitive planning 111
Louise H. Phillips, Mairi S. MacLeod, and Matthias Kliegel
Age, the frontal lobes and executive function 111
Effects of ageing on the Tower of London (TOL) planning task 113
Formulating complex plans in the laboratory 115
Age and action planning: Six Elements Task (SET) 119
Age and errand planning in a naturalistic setting 122
Comparison of age effects on realistic and abstract planning tasks 124
Adult ageing and planning: Themes emerging from the literature 125
References 131
7. Cognitive planning in Humans: New insights from the Tower of London (TOL) task 135
Adrian M. Owen
Introduction 135
The Tower of London (TOL) 136
Psychological considerations: Cognitive components of performance identified from eye-tracking
behaviour 139
Anatomical considerations: Localizing the core neural substrates of performance using
functional neuroimaging 142
Further considerations: Is planning just working memory for the future? 146
Conclusions 148
References 148
8. Planning in patients with focal brain damage: From simple to complex task performance 153
Robin Morris, Maria Kotitsa, and Jessica Bramham
Introduction 153
Illustrative case examples 154
Development of strategies 156
Problem solving on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) 158
Planning and organizational abilities investigated through simulation 166
Virtual reality exploration of strategy formation, rule breaks and prospective memory 170
Conclusions 177
References 177
9. Planning and the brain 181
Jordan Grafman, Lee Spector, and Mary Jo Rattermann
Introduction 181
Cognitive and computational perspectives on planning 182
Cognitive neuroscience perspectives 185
Conclusions 191
References 195
10. The search for specific planning processes 199
Paul Burgess, Jon Simons, Laure Coates, and Shelley Channon
Introduction 199
Challenge 1: Is “planning” just a label for a range of disparate human activities? 200
Challenge 2: Planning as the expression of stored preferences 202
Challenge 3: Is the existing experimental evidence consistent with the assumption that “look-ahead” is
the principal construct underpinning planning performance? 204
Summary so far 210
Experimental evidence from our laboratory 211
Planning using real-life analogue tasks 213
Evidence from neurological patients 217
Planning deficits and localization 219
Planning and “construct validity” 220
Conclusion 221
References 224
Author index 229
Subject index 239
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