Friday, October 10, 2014

The Cognitive Psychology of Planning Current Issues in Thinking & Reasoning






The Cognitive Psychology of Planning Current Issues in Thinking & Reasoning
Buku ini  pertama kali diterbitkan tahun 2005 oleh Psychology Press, Ltd.



Judul:  The Cognitive Psychology of Planning Current Issues in Thinking & Reasoning
Oleh: Robin Morris, etal (Editor)
Penerbit: Psychology Press, Ltd.
Tahun: 2005
Jumlah Halaman: 257 hal.

Editor:
Geoff Ward
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, UK
Robin Morris
Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, London

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini  terdiri atas sepuluh bagian pokok. Bagin 1 adalah pendahuuluan membahas tentang Pengantar Perencanaan psikologi. Bagian 2  Perencanaan dan pemecahan masalah dalam domain yang terdefinisi dengan baik. Bagian 3. Perencanaan dan masalah tidak jelas  Bagian 4  Bekerja dengan Memori dan Perencanaa. Bagian 5  Perencanaan dan pengendalian pikiran dan tindakan eksekutif. Bagian 6   Proses Penuaan orang Dewasa dan perencanaan kognitif. Bagian 7  Perencanaan kognitif pada Manusia: wawasan baru dari tugas Tower of London (TOL). Bagian 8 Perencanaan pada pasien dengan kerusakan otak fokal: Dari yang sederhana sampai kinerja tugas yang kompleks. Bagian 9 Perencanaan dan otak. Bagian 10 Pencarian untuk proses perencanaan tertentu.




Daftar Isi:

List of contributors ix
1.     Introduction to the psychology of planning 1

        Geoff Ward and Robin Morris
        Introduction 1
        Theoretical background 2
        Methodology and planning 24
        Neuropsychology and planning 26
        Overview of the chapters in this volume 27
        References 32
2.     Planning and problem solving in well-defined domains 35
        Simon P. Davies
        Introduction 35
        Characterizing planning behaviour in well-defined domains 36
        Selection and effectiveness of different planning behaviours 39
        Problem complexity and planning strategy 39
        Problem-solving environment and planning strategy 41
        Individual and group differences and planning strategy 44
        Effectiveness of initial planning 46
        Summary and conclusions 48
        References 48
3.     Planning and ill-defined problems 53
        Thomas C. Ormerod
        Introduction 53
        Planning in puzzle solving 55
        Plans, planning and expert skill 60
        Conclusions 67
        References 69
4.     Working memory and planning 71
        K. J. Gilhooly
        Introduction 71
        General strategies for developing plans of action 73
        Working memory in computational models of problem solving and planning 75
        Multi-component approaches to working memory 76
        Single resource approaches to working memory 78
        “Move” tasks: The Tower of London (TOL) 78
        Studies of planning and working memory in chess 83
        Concluding comments 85
        References 85
5.     Planning and the executive control of thought and action 89
        Geoff Ward
        Introduction 89
        Do we possess “lower level” action plans? 92
        Lower order planning: How do we control the initiation of lower level action plans? 93
        “Higher order” planning I: Planning what to do to solve a problem 96
        “Higher order” planning II: Planning when to do things to solve a problem 99
        When and why do we plan? 105
        Summary 107
        References 108
6.     Adult ageing and cognitive planning 111
        Louise H. Phillips, Mairi S. MacLeod, and Matthias Kliegel
        Age, the frontal lobes and executive function 111
        Effects of ageing on the Tower of London (TOL) planning task 113
        Formulating complex plans in the laboratory 115
        Age and action planning: Six Elements Task (SET) 119
        Age and errand planning in a naturalistic setting 122
        Comparison of age effects on realistic and abstract planning tasks 124
        Adult ageing and planning: Themes emerging from the literature 125
        References 131
7.     Cognitive planning in Humans: New insights from the Tower of London (TOL) task 135
        Adrian M. Owen
        Introduction 135
        The Tower of London (TOL) 136
        Psychological considerations: Cognitive components of performance identified from eye-tracking   
            behaviour 139
        Anatomical considerations: Localizing the core neural substrates of performance using
            functional neuroimaging 142
        Further considerations: Is planning just working memory for the future? 146
        Conclusions 148
        References 148
8.     Planning in patients with focal brain damage: From simple to complex task performance 153
        Robin Morris, Maria Kotitsa, and Jessica Bramham
        Introduction 153
        Illustrative case examples 154
        Development of strategies 156
        Problem solving on the Tower of Hanoi (TOH) 158
        Planning and organizational abilities investigated through simulation 166
        Virtual reality exploration of strategy formation, rule breaks and prospective memory 170
        Conclusions 177
        References 177
9.     Planning and the brain 181
        Jordan Grafman, Lee Spector, and Mary Jo Rattermann
        Introduction 181
        Cognitive and computational perspectives on planning 182
        Cognitive neuroscience perspectives 185
        Conclusions 191
        References 195
10.   The search for specific planning processes 199
        Paul Burgess, Jon Simons, Laure Coates, and Shelley Channon
        Introduction 199
        Challenge 1: Is “planning” just a label for a range of disparate human activities? 200
        Challenge 2: Planning as the expression of stored preferences 202
        Challenge 3: Is the existing experimental evidence consistent with the assumption that “look-ahead” is
             the principal construct underpinning planning performance? 204
        Summary so far 210
                    Experimental evidence from our laboratory 211
                    Planning using real-life analogue tasks 213
        Evidence from neurological patients 217
        Planning deficits and localization 219
        Planning and “construct validity” 220
        Conclusion 221
        References 224
Author index 229
Subject index 239


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