Essentials of Geology Eleventh Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2012 oleh Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall, Boston.
Judul: Essentials of Geology Eleventh Edition
Oleh: Frederick K. Lutgens, et al
Penerbit: Pearson Education, Inc. Prentice Hall, Boston
Tahun: 2012
Jumlah Halaman: 578 hal.
Penulis:
Frederick K. Lutgens
Edward J. Tarbuck
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku Edisi Kesebelas merupakan edisi yang sudah direvisi menyeluruh. Setiap bagian dari buku itu diperiksa dengan teliti dengan tujuan ganda menyesuaikan topik saat ini dan meningkatkan kejelasan
diskusi teks. Hal-hal baru edisi ini meliputi:
• Banyak dari Bab 2, "Materi dan Mineral," ditulis ulang untuk membuat topik yang kadang-kadang sulit (kimia-oriented) menjadi lebih mudah dimengerti oleh siswa. Diskusi struktur atom dasar, ikatan, kristal dan kristalisasi, komposisi dan variasi struktural, serta silikat mendapat perhatian terkuat.
• Bab 3, "Batuan beku dan Kegiatan mengganggu," sebelumnya berjudul "Batuan beku." Judul bab baru mencerminkan reorganisasi yang telah terjadi. Pembahasan mengganggu Kegiatan yang sebelumnya dalam Bab 4 sekarang merupakan bagian penutup dari Bab 3. Mereka logis mengikuti bagian "Asal Magma" dan "Bagaimana Magma berkembang." Seluruh diskusi "intrusif Kegiatan beku" telah direvisi dan diulang sebagai bagian "beku Textures: Apa yang Bisa Mereka Beritahu Kami? "
• Dalam Bab 4, "Gunung berapi dan bahaya Vulkanik," diskusi aliran piroklastik benar-benar direvisi dan ditulis ulang, seperti bagian atas kaldera.
• Bab 7, "Metamorfisme dan metamorf Rocks," termasuk bagian direvisi dan ditulis ulang pada "Apa Drives Metamorfisme?" dan "metamorfosa Lingkungan."
• Bab 8, "Wasting Mass: Kerja Gravity, "termasuk bagian baru pada Potensi Tanah longsor dan materi baru di tanah longsor dipicu gempa yang menghancurkan bagian dari China pada Mei 2008.
• Di antara bab-bab yang berfokus pada proses eksternal Bab 9, "Running Air," memperoleh perhatian yang besar. Diskusi kemajuan lebih jelas, cara yang lebih logis untuk siswa. Topik yang mendapat perhatian khusus termasuk sifat cekungan drainase, karakteristik debit sungai, membentuk streaming lembah, dan batuan dasar vs saluran aluvial.
• Bab 10, "Tanah," dimulai dengan pengenalan baru dan memiliki bagian baru Sumber Daya Dasar.
• Bab 11, "Gletser dan Glaciation," termasuk bagian baru pada Gletser di Retreat, dan diskusi baru yang ditujukan untuk Greenland’s Glacial Budget.
• Bab 13, "Garis Pantai," memiliki materi baru pada arus rip dan sepenuhnya direvisi dan ditulis ulang pada "Hurricanes—The Ultimate Coastal Hazard" yang mencakup Diskusi all-new pada Profile of a Hurricane.
• Bab 14, "Gempa bumi dan Interior Bumi," dimulai dengan Bencana gempa bumi di Haiti. Sebuah bagian baru pada Gempa Bumi dan Kesalahan mengeksplorasi hubungan penting antara fenomena ini.
Bagian yang ditujukan untuk skala besar dan gempa bumi diprediksi secara substansial.
• Bab 15, "Lempeng Tektonik: A Scientific Revolution Unfolds. "Selain pengantar baru material, beberapa bagian yang substansial direvisi termasuk yang berhubungan dengan bukti fosil untuk benua
melayang dan kekuatan yang mendorong gerakan lempeng.
• Bab 17 tentang deformasi kerak dan di bagian kedua tentang "tumbukan Gunung Sabuk ".
• Bab 18, "Waktu Geologi," bagian diperbarui pada skala waktu geologi mencerminkan perubahan terbaru, sementara bagian baru menjelaskan beberapa terminologi terkait dengan skala waktu.
• Bab 19 mengemukakan tentang Evolusi Bumi melalui Geologi Waktu, dan Bab 20 Perubahan Iklim Global.
Daftar Isi:
PREFACE xvii
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO GEOLOGY 1
The Science of Geology 2
Geology, People, and the Environment 3
Historical Notes about Geology 4
Geologic Time 6
The Nature of Scientific Inquiry 8
Earth’s Spheres 11
Earth as a System 15
• The Rock Cycle: One of Earth’s Subsystems 18
Early Evolution of Earth 20
• Earth’s Internal Structure 23
The Face of Earth 24
• Dynamic Earth 28
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 33
KEY TERMS 34 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 35
COMPANION WEBSITE 35
2 MATTER ABD MINERAL 36
• Minerals: Building Blocks of Rocks 38
Atoms: Building Blocks of Minerals 40
Why Atoms Bond 41
Isotopes and Radioactive Decay 44
• Physical Properties of Minerals 44
• Mineral Groups 49
The Silicates 49
Common Silicate Minerals 51
• Important Nonsilicate Minerals 55
Mineral Resources 56
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 60 KEY TERMS 60
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 60
COMPANION WEBSITE 60
3 IGNEOUS ROCK AND INTRUSIVE ACTIVITY 62
• Magma: The Parent Material of Igneous Rock 64
Igneous Processes 65
• Igneous Compositions 65
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
• Igneous Textures: What Can They Tell Us? 67
• Naming Igneous Rocks 71
Origin of Magma 76
How Magmas Evolve 77
• Intrusive Igneous Activity 80
Mineral Resources and Igneous Processes 84
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 88 KEY TERMS 88
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 88 COMPANION WEBSITE 89
4 VOLCANOES AND VOLCANIC HAZARDS 90
Mount St. Helens Versus Kilauea 92
• The Nature of Volcanic Eruptions 93
• Materials Extruded during an Eruption 95
• Volcanic Structures and Eruptive Styles 99
Living in the Shadow of a Composite Cone 105
Other Volcanic Landforms 108
Plate Tectonics and Volcanic Activity 113
Living with Volcanoes 118
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 120
KEY TERMS 120 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 121
COMPANION WEBSITE 121
5 WEATHERING AND SOILS 122
• Earth’s External Processes 124
• Weathering 125
• Mechanical Weathering 125
• Chemical Weathering 128
• Rates of Weathering 131
Soil 133
Controls of Soil Formation 133
The Soil Profile 137
Classifying Soils 138
Clearing the Tropical Rain Forest—A Case Study of Human Impact on Soil 140
Soil Erosion 141
Weathering and Ore Deposits 144
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 146 KEY TERMS 146 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 147
COMPANION WEBSITE 147
6 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 148
The Importance of Sedimentary Rocks 150
• Origins of Sedimentary Rock 150
• Detrital Sedimentary Rocks 152
• Chemical Sedimentary Rocks 156
Coal—An Organic Sedimentary Rock 160
Turning Sediment into Sedimentary Rock: Diagenesis and Lithification 161
Classification of Sedimentary Rocks 162
• Sedimentary Rocks Represent Past
Environments 163
Sedimentary Structures 166
Nonmetallic Mineral Resources from Sedimentary Rocks 168
Energy Resources from Sedimentary Rocks 169
The Carbon Cycle and Sedimentary Rocks 171
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 174 KEY TERMS 174
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 174 COMPANION WEBSITE 174
7 METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS 176
• What Is Metamorphism? 178
• What Drives Metamorphism? 178
• Metamorphic Textures 181
• Common Metamorphic Rocks 185
Metamorphic Environments 188
Metamorphic Zones 191
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 194 KEY TERMS 194
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 194
COMPANION WEBSITE 195
8 MASS WASTING: THE WORK OF GRAVITY 196
Landslides as Natural Disasters 198
Mass Wasting and Landform Development 199
• Controls and Triggers of Mass Wasting 200
Classification of Mass-Wasting Processes 205
• Slump 207
• Rockslide 208
• Debris Flow 209
• Earthflow 210
• Slow Movements 211
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 213 KEY TERMS 213
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 213 COMPANION WEBSITE 213
9 RUNNING WATER 214
• Earth as a System: The Hydrologic Cycle 216
• Running Water 218
• Streamflow 219
The Work of Running Water 222
Stream Channels 224
Base Level and Graded Streams 227
• Shaping Stream Valleys 228
Depositional Landforms 230
• Drainage Patterns 232
Floods and Flood Control 233
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 236 KEY TERMS 236
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 236 COMPANION WEBSITE 237
10 GROUNDWATER 238
• Importance of Groundwater 240
Groundwater—A Basic Resource 242
• Distribution of Groundwater 243
• The Water Table 243
Factors Influencing the Storage and Movement of Groundwater 245
• Springs 247
• Wells 247
• Artesian Wells 248
Environmental Problems Associated with Groundwater 250
Hot Springs and Geysers 252
Geothermal Energy 254
The Geologic Work of Groundwater 255
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 258 KEY TERMS 258
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 259 COMPANION WEBSITE 259
11 GLACIERS AND GLASIATION 260
• Glaciers: A Part of Two Basic Cycles 262
• Formation and Movement of Glacial Ice 265
Glacial Erosion 269
• Landforms Created by Glacial Erosion 270
• Glacial Deposits 274
Other Effects of Ice Age Glaciers 278
Glaciers of the Ice Age 280
Causes of Glaciation 281
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 284 KEY TERMS 284
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 285 COMPANION WEBSITE 285
12 DESERTS AND WIND 286
• Distribution and Causes of Dry Lands 288
• Indicates sections with a corresponding
• Geologic Processes in Arid Climates 291
• Basin and Range: The Evolution of a Mountainous Desert Landscape 293
Transportation of Sediment by Wind 295
Wind Erosion 297
• Wind Deposits 299
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 304 KEY TERMS 304
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 305 COMPANION WEBSITE 305
13 SHORELINES 306
The Shoreline: A Dynamic Interface 308
The Coastal Zone 309
• Waves 310
• Wave Erosion 313
Sand Movement on the Beach 313
Shoreline Features 316
• Stabilizing the Shore 319
Erosion Problems along U.S. Coasts 323
Hurricanes—The Ultimate Coastal Hazard 324
Coastal Classification 328
Tides 330
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 33 KEY TERMS 333
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 333 COMPANION WEBSITE 333
14 EARTHQUAKES AND EARTH’S INTERIOR 334
An Earthquake Disaster In Haiti 336
• What Is An Earthquake? 336
Earthquakes and Faults 339
• Seismology: The Study of Earthquake Waves 339
• Locating the Source of An Earthquake 342
Measuring the Size of Earthquakes 343
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale 343
Magnitude Scales 344
Earthquake Belts and Plate
Boundaries 346
Earthquake Destruction 347
Damaging Earthquakes East of the Rockies 352
Can Earthquakes Be
Predicted? 352
Earth’s Interior 355
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 358 KEY TERMS 358
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 359 COMPANION WEBSITE 359
15 PLATE TECTONIC: A SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION UNFOLDS 360
From Continental Drift To Plate Tectonics 362
Continental Drift: An Idea Before its Time 363
The Great Debate 367
• Plate Tectonics 368
• Divergent Boundaries 369
• Convergent Boundaries 372
• Transform Fault Boundaries 376
Testing the Plate Tectonics Model 378
The Breakup of Pangaea 384
• How Is Plate Motion Measured? 384
What Drives Plate Motions? 386
Plate Tectonics in the Future 388
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 390 KEY TERMS 390
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 390 COMPANION WEBSITE 391
16 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE OCEAN FLOOR 392
• An Emerging Picture of the Ocean Floor 394
• Continental Margins 397
• Features of Deep-Ocean Basins 399
• Anatomy of the Oceanic Ridge 402
• Oceanic Ridges and Seafloor Spreading 403
The Nature of Oceanic Crust 405
Continental Rifting: The Birth of a New Ocean Basin 407
Destruction of Oceanic Lithosphere 409
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 412 KEY TERMS 412
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 413 COMPANION WEBSITE 415
17 CRUSTAL DEFORMATION AND MOUNTAIN BUILDING 414
• Crustal Deformation 416
• Structures Formed by Ductile Deformation 418
• Structures Formed by Brittle Deformation 421
Mountain Building 425
Mountain Building at Subduction Zones 425
• Collisional Mountain Belts 427
Fault-Block Mountains 431
Vertical Movements of the Crust 432
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 435 KEY TERMS 435
GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 435 COMPANION WEBSITE 435
18 GEOLOGIC TIME 436
Geology Needs a Time Scale 438
• Relative Dating—Key Principles 438
Correlation of Rock Layers 444
Fossils: Evidence of Past Life 445
• Dating with Radioactivity 449
• The Geologic Time Scale 455
Difficulties in Dating the Geologic Time Scale 457
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 459
KEY TERMS 459 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 459
COMPANION WEBSITE 459
19 EARTH’S EVOLUTION THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME 460
Is Earth Unique? 462
Birth of a Planet 465
Origin of the Atmosphere and Oceans 467
Precambrian History: The Formation of Earth’s Continents 468
Geologic History of the Phanerozoic: The Formation of Earth’s Modern Continents 473
Earth’s First Life 477
Paleozoic Era: Life Explodes 479
Mesozoic Era: Age of the Dinosaurs 483
Cenozoic Era: Age of Mammals 487
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 491
KEY TERMS 491 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 491
COMPANION WEBSITE
20 GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE 492
Climate and Geology Are Linked 494
The Climate System 494
How Is Climate Change Detected? 496
Some Atmospheric Basics 499
Heating the Atmosphere 502
Natural Causes of Climate Change 505
Human Impact on Global Climate 509
Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases, and Climate Change 509
Climate-Feedback Mechanisms 514
How Aerosols Influence Climate 515
Some Possible Consequences of Global Warming 516
THE CHAPTER IN REVIEW 521
KEY TERMS 522 GIVE IT SOME THOUGHT 523
COMPANION WEBSITE 523
APPENDIX A Metric and Engligh Units Compared 475
APPENDIX B Topographic Maps 477
APPENDIX C Landforms of the Conterminous
United States 481
GLOSSARY 483
INDEX 493
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