History of The American Economy Eleventh Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan Tahun 2010 Oleh South-Western, Cengage Learning adalah buku edisi kesebelas.
Judul: History of The American Economy Eleventh Edition
Oleh: Gary M. Walton, et al
Penerbit: South-Western, Cengage Learning
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman: 624 hal.
Penulis:
Gary M. Walton menjadi Founding Dekan Graduate School of Management di University of California, Davis pada tahun 1981 dan merupakan Profesor Ekonomi Emeritus di University of California, Davis. Selain itu, ia adalah Presiden dari Yayasan Pengajaran Ekonomi, di mana ia telah perancang dan pengelola ekonomi yang sangat diakui dan program kepemimpinan (domestik dan internasional) untuk SMA yang dipilih untuk potensi kepemimpinan mereka, serta untuk guru-guru SMA.
Dia banyak mencapai keberhasilan pribadinya pelatihnya di Universitas California, Berkeley, dia juga sebagai legendaris Brutus Hamilton (US Kepala Pelatih Atletik di 1952 Olimpiade), dan kesuksesannya sebagai seorang ekonom untuk disertasi penasihat doktornya, Douglass C. North (1993 penerima Nobel dalam Ekonomi).
Hugh Rockoff adalah Profesor Ekonomi di Universitas Rutgers dan peneliti dari National Bureau of Economic Research. Dia telah banyak menulis tentang perbankan dan sejarah moneter dan pengendalian harga di masa perang. Dia menikmati mengajar sejarah ekonomi untuk mahasiswa, dan kesuksesannya sebagai seorang ekonom untuk disertasi penasihat doktornya, Robert W. Fogel (1993 penerima Nobel dalam Ekonomi).
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini dianggap perlu karena adanya kemajuan cepat dari penelitian dalam sejarah ekonomi dan perubahan yang cepat berlangsung di AS dan ekonomi global. Perjuangan banyak negara untuk mengkonversi dari pusat ekonomi terencana ke ekonomi yang dipimpin pasar setelah runtuhnya komunisme, yang cepat ekonomi perluasan India dan China, dan integrasi ekonomi yang berkembang di Eropa mengundang perspektif baru tentang catatan sejarah ekonomi Amerika. Selain itu,
serangan teroris 11 September 2001, di World Trade Center dan Pentagon dan perang berikutnya di Afghanistan dan Irak telah menyebar selimut ketidakpastian tentang masa depan Amerika Serikat. Buku ini mengemukakan pula tentang pentingnya memahami sumber pertumbuhan ekonomi dan perubahan. Subjek utama buku ini, lebih besar dari sebelumnya.
Untuk menyampaikan kecepatan perubahan gaya hidup Amerika dan ekonomi yang menjadi baik , Bab 1 berfokus pada pembahasan sebagian besar kehidupan ekonomi Amerika abad kedua puluh. Tujuannya adalah untuk menunjukkan bagaimana secara dramatis terjadi perbedaan cara kita hidup saat ini dibandingkan dengan zaman kakek-nenek kita dan kakek-nenek buyut yang sangat kontras dalam standar hidup, panjang hidup, dan bagaimana kita bekerja dan mengkonsumsi kebutuhan hidup.
1900-2000 memberikan "wake-up call" bagi bangsa pada perubahan segera dalam hidup kita dan dalam kehidupan generasi yang akan datang. Wake-up call ini melayani tujuan penting:
persiapan untuk masa depan.
Buku ini terdiri atas lima bagian utama. Bagian Satu, "The Colonial Era: 1607-1776," berfokus pada warisan era dan lembaga, kebijakan, kegiatan ekonomi, dan pertumbuhan yang membawa koloni ke titik di mana mereka bisa menantang ibu negara untuk kemerdekaan mereka. Bagian Kedua, "The Revolusioner, Awal Nasional, dan Antebellum Eras: 1776-1860, "dan Bagian Tiga," The Reunifikasi Era: 1860-1920, "masing-masing dimulai dengan bab tentang dampak perang dan akibat setelah perang. Bab-bab lain di daerah ini mengikuti urutan diskusi paralel topik-lahan, pertanian, dan sumber daya alam; transportasi; pasar produk dan perubahan struktural; kondisi kerja; dan uang, perbankan, dan fluktuasi ekonomi.
Masing-masing bagian, serta Bagian Empat, "War, Depresi, dan Perang Lagi: 1914- 1946, "ditutup dengan bab tentang isu penting khusus untuk periode: Bagian Satu, penyebab Revolusi Amerika; Bagian Kedua, perbudakan; dan Bagian Ketiga, pasar domestik dan perdagangan luar negeri. Bagian Keempat ditutup dengan diskusi tentang Perang Dunia II. Semua bab telah ditulis ulang untuk meningkatkan eksposisi dan untuk menggabungkan temuan terbaru.
Bagian Kelima, "The Pascaperang Era: 1946 untuk Present" Selain itu, telah banyak direvisi untuk mencerminkan kejelasan yang lebih besar dengan yang kita sekarang dapat melihat perkembangan penting yang terbentuk pascaperang Amerika.
Daftar Isi:
PREFACE xix
CHAPTER 1 Growth, Welfare, and the American Economy 1
Americans 1900–2009 1
A Study with a Purpose 6
Critical Skills for Personal Development 10
PART 1 THE COLONIAL ERA: 1607–1776
CHAPTER 2 Founding the Colonies 22
European Background to the Voyages of Discovery 22
Portugal and the First Discoveries 23
Portugal and Spain: Expanding Empires 24
The Latecomers: Holland, France, and England 26
First British Settlements in North America 27
Early Reforms 29
Demographic Change 34
CHAPTER 3 Colonial Economic Activities 42
Land and Natural Resource Abundance, Labor Scarcity 42
Agriculture and Regional Specializations 44
The Extractive Industries 49
The Manufacturing Industries 52
Occupational Groups 56
CHAPTER 4 The Economic Relations of the Colonies 58
English Mercantilism and the Colonies 58
Exports, Imports, and Markets 60
Overseas Shipping and Trade 61
Intercolonial Commerce 65
Money and Trade 66
Trade Deficits with England 69
CHAPTER 5 Economic Progress and Wealth 75
Growth and Change in the Colonial Economy 75
Technological Change and Productivity 83
Speculations on Early Growth Rates 86
Per Capita Wealth and Income, 1774 88
The Distribution of Income and Wealth 88
CHAPTER 6 Three Crises and Revolt 93
The Old Colonial Policy 93
The New Colonial Policy and the First Crisis 96
More Changes and the Second Crisis 98
The Third Crisis and Rebellion 99
PART 2 THE REVOLUTIONARY, EARLY NATIONAL, AND ANTEBELLUM ERAS: 1776–1860
CHAPTER 7 Hard Realities for a New Nation 110
The War and the Economy 110
The Constitution 113
American Independence and Economic Change 115
A Quantitative Analysis of Economic Change 117
War, Neutrality, and Economic Resurgence 119
CHAPTER 8 Land and the Early Westward Movements 125
The Acquisition of the Public Domain 125
The Migrations to the West 132
The Southwestern Migration and Cotton 138
The Far Western Migration 141
CHAPTER 9 Transportation and Market Growth 145
The Antebellum Transportation Revolution 145
The Routes of Western Commerce 147
Steamboats and the Natural Waterways 148
Public Versus Private Initiative on the Natural Waterways 152
The Canal Era 153
The Iron Horse 156
Roads 158
The Antebellum Interregional Growth Hypothesis 160
Ocean Transport 161
CHAPTER 10 Market Expansion and Industry in First Transition 166
Early Changes in U.S. Manufacturing 166
Prerequisites to Factory Production 173
Productivity Advances in Manufactures 178
Protection from Foreign Competition 179
CHAPTER 1 1 Labor during the Early Industrial Period 183
The Growth of the Population and the Labor Force 183
The Changing Labor Force Distribution and Composition 184
The Impact of Immigration 188
The Wages of Male Labor in Manufacturing 189
Growing Inequality of Income 192
The Early Union Movement 195
Political Gains for Common Working People 197
CHAPTER 12 Money and Banking in the Developing Economy 201
The American Monetary Unit 201
The Bimetallic Standard 202
Bank Notes as Paper Money 204
The First Bank of the United States 205
The Second Bank of the United States 208
Economic Fluctuations and the Second Bank 212
The Economic Consequences of the Gold Rush 217
CHAPTER 13 The Entrenchment of Slavery and Regional Conflict 219
African Slavery in the Western Hemisphere 219
First U.S. Constraints on Slavery 220
Plantation Efficiency 224
Economic Exploitation 231
Economic Entrenchment and Regional Incomes 232
Political Compromises and Regional Conflict 234
PART 3 THE REUNIFICATION ERA: 1860–1920
CHAPTER 14 War, Recovery, and Regional Divergence 242
The Economics of War 242
The Civil War and Northern Industrialization 246
Economic Retardation in the South 247
The Legacy of Slavery 252
CHAPTER 15 Agriculture’s Western Advance 261
The Expansion of Land under Cultivation 261
Federal Land Policy 262
The Impact of Federal Land Policy 264
Growth and Change in Agriculture 266
Hard Times on the Farm, 1864–1896 268
Agrarian Political Organizations 272
The Beginnings of Federal Assistance to Agriculture 275
Natural Resource Conservation: The First Stages 276
CHAPTER 16 Railroads and Economic Change 280
The Transcontinentals 280
Total Construction: Pace and Patterns 282
Building Ahead of Demand? 285
Land Grants, Financial Assistance, and Private Capital 286
Unscrupulous Financial Practices 287
Government Regulation of the Railroads 288
Railroads and Economic Growth 293
CHAPTER 17 Industrial Expansion and Concentration 298
Structural Change and Industry Composition 298
Mass Production 306
Economies of Scale and Industry Concentration 307
The Two Phases of the Concentration Movement 309
The Sherman Antitrust Act 314
CHAPTER 18 The Emergence of America’s Labor Consciousness 319
Demographic Change and the Supply of Labor 319
Immigration: Politics and Economics 322
Gains for Workers in the Postbellum Period 324
Unions, Employers, and Conflict, 1860–1914 330
Labor’s Gains and the Unions 335
CHAPTER 19 Money, Prices, and Finance in the Postbellum Era 338
New Forms of Currency 339
Gold, Greenbacks, or Bimetallism? 343
The Rise of Investment Banking 352
Bank Panics and the Establishment of the Federal Reserve System 354
CHAPTER 20 Commerce at Home and Abroad 358
Urbanization 358
Marketing and Selling 359
Product Differentiation and Advertising 363
The First Steps toward Consumer Protection 366
Foreign Trade 368
The Acceptance of Protectionist Doctrines 371
The Income Tax 373
The United States in an Imperialist World 374
PART 4 WAR, DEPRESSION, AND WAR AGAIN: 1914–1946
CHAPTER 21 World War I, 1914–1918 380
The Origins of the War 380
The United States goes to War 381
Replacement of the Market with a Command System 384
Labor during the War 387
The Costs of the War 390
The Legacies of the War 390
CHAPTER 22 The Roaring Twenties 394
Social Changes in the Aftermath of War 394
New Goods and the Rise of the Middle Class 395
The Labor Force in the Twenties 400
On the Land 404
Were the Rich Getting Richer while the Poor Got Poorer? 407
Macroeconomic Policies 407
International Developments 410
The Great Bull Market 411
The Stock Market Boom 412
Should They Have Seen the Crash Coming? 415
CHAPTER 23 The Great Depression 418
Dimensions of the Depression 418
Causes of the Great Depression 420
The Role of the Financial Crisis 426
Why Didn’t the Federal Reserve Save the Banking System? 429
Fiscal Policy in the 1930s 431
Partial Recovery and then a New Downturn 432
Why Did the Depression Last So Long? 434
Can It Happen Again? 436
What Does the Depression Tell Us about Capitalism? 437
CHAPTER 24 The New Deal 440
The First New Deal 440
Reform of the Financial System 445
Reform of the Agricultural Sector 447
Labor and the New Deal 452
The Supreme Court and the New Deal 456
The Second New Deal: The Welfare State 456
The Critics of the New Deal 457
The Legacy of the New Deal 459
CHAPTER 25 World War II 462
Mobilizing for War 462
Fiscal and Monetary Policy 468
Wage and Price Controls 470
Wartime Prosperity? 473
Labor during the War 474
Wartime Minority Experiences 476
Agriculture during the War 479
Demobilization and Reconversion 480
PART 5 THE POSTWAR ERA: 1946 TO THE PRESENT
CHAPTER 26 The Changing Role of the Federal Government 486
The Size of Government in the Postwar Era 486
The Liberal Era, 1945–1976: Continued Expansion of Government 490
The Conservative Era: 1976–2000, Deregulation and Reaganomics 495
The Cold (and Sometimes Hot) War Against Communism 496
Agriculture 498
The Environment 503
Changing Ideological Tides 506
Wagner’s Law 507
CHAPTER 27 Monetary Policy, Fiscal Policy, and the Business Cycle after World War II 510
The Keynesian Era 510
Was the Economy More Stable During the Keynesian Era than before the Depression? 522
The Monetarist Era 523
CHAPTER 28 Manufacturing, Productivity, and Labor 533
Gales of Creative Destruction 533
Changes in the Organization of Industry 540
Antitrust Policy 542
The Rise of the Service Sector 543
The Changing Role of Women in the Labor Force 544
Minorities 547
The New Immigration 552
Unions 554
Real Wages 555
CHAPTER 29 Achievements of the Past, Challenges for the Future 559
Achievements of the Past 559
Challenges for the Future 567
Prophets of Decline 571
Subject Index 575
Name Index 593
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