Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan Tahun 2009 Oleh John Wiley & Sons, Inc adalah buku edisi keduabelas.
Judul: Principles of Anatomy and Physiology 12th Edition
Oleh: Gerard J. Tortora, et al
Penerbit: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tahun: 2009
Jumlah Halaman:1281 hal.
Editor:
Gerard J. Tortora adalah Guru Besar Biologi dan mantan Koordinator bidang Biologi di Bergen Community Perguruan tinggi di Paramus, New Jersey, tempat ia mengajar anatomi manusia dan fisiologi serta mikrobiologi. Dia menerima gelar sarjana di bidang biologi dari Fairleigh Dickinson University dan pada masa tuannya memperoleh gelar dalam ilmu pendidikan dari Montclair State College. Dia adalah anggota dari banyak organisasi profesional, termasuk Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS), the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), National Education Association (NEA), and the Metropolitan Association of College and University Biologists (MACUB).
Jerry juga fokus pada murid-murid dan aspirasi mereka. Sebagai penghargaan atas komitmen ini, Jerry adalah penerima dari MACUB 1992 Presiden Memorial Award. Pada tahun 1996, ia menerima Institut Nasional untuk Staf dan Organisasi Pembangunan (NISOD) penghargaan yang sangat baik dari Universitas Texas dan dipilih untuk mewakili Bergen Community College dalam kampanye untuk meningkatkan kesadaran tentang kontribusi masyarakat perguruan tinggi untuk pendidikan tinggi.
Jerry adalah penulis beberapa buku teks ilmu terlaris dan manual laboratorium, panggilan yang sering memerlukan tambahan 40 jam per minggu di luar tanggung jawab mengajar.
Bryan Derrickson adalah Guru Besar Biologi di Valencia Community College in Orlando, Florida, di mana ia mengajar anatomi manusia dan fisiologi serta biologi umum dan seksualitas manusia. Dia menerima
gelar sarjana dalam biologi dari Morehouse Universitas dan gelar Ph.D. dalam Biologi Sel dari Universitas Duke. Studi Bryan di Duke dalam Physiology Division within the Department of Cell Biology, jadi sementara gelar dalam Biologi Sel, pelatihan difokuskan pada fisiologi. Di Valencia, ia sering melayani di komite perekrutan fakultas. Dia menjabat sebagai anggota Senat Fakultas, yang merupakan mengatur
badan perguruan tinggi, dan sebagai anggota dari Faculty Academy Committee (sekarang disebut Teaching and Learning Academy), yang menetapkan standar untuk akuisisi kepemilikan oleh anggota fakultas. Secara nasional, ia adalah anggota dari Human Anatomy and Physiology Society (HAPS) dan National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT). Bryan selalu ingin mengajar. Terinspirasi oleh beberapa profesor biologi berada di perguruan tinggi, ia memutuskan untuk mengejar fisiologi untuk mengajar di tingkat perguruan tinggi. Dia benar-benar didedikasikan untuk keberhasilan murid-muridnya. Dia sangat menikmati tantangan beragamnya populasi siswa, dari segi usia, etnis, dan kemampuan akademik, dan menemukan mampu mencapai semua dari mereka, meskipun mereka memiliki perbedaan, pengalaman yang berharga. Murid-muridnya terus mengakui upaya Bryan dan perawatan oleh mencalonkan dia untuk memperoleh penghargaan dari kampus yang dikenal sebagai "Valencia Profesor Siapa yang Membuat Valencia tempat yang lebih baik untuk memulai. "Bryan telah menerima penghargaan ini tiga kali.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Edisi kedua belas Principles of Anatomy and Physiology menawarkan presentasi dengan konten seimbang di bawah payung tema primer dan pemersatu homeostasis, didukung oleh diskusi yang relevan dari gangguan homeostasis. Selain itu, tanggapan siswa telah meyakinkan bahwa pembaca belajar anatomi dan fisiologi lebih mudah ketika mereka tetap memperhatikan hubungan antara struktur dan fungsi. Buku ini menawarkan keuntungan praktis dalam fine-tuning keseimbangan antara anatomi dan fisiologi.
Setiap bab dalam buku ini menggabungkan sejumlah perbaikan. Beberapa perubahan teks penting dalam edisi ini termasuk revisi bagian pada transportasi melintasi membran plasma, yang kini dimulai dengan diskusi tentang proses pasif (difusi sederhana, difasilitasi difusi, dan osmosis) diikuti oleh
diskusi tentang proses yang aktif (transpor aktif primer, sekunder transpor aktif, dan transportasi di vesikel, yang meliputi endositosis, eksositosis, dan transcytosis) dalam Bab 3. Bab 12 benar-benar ditulis ulang dalam rangka memberikan pemahaman yang lebih jelas tentang struktur jaringan saraf dan fungsi. Pembahasannya diperbarui didukung oleh sembilan ilustrasi baru, beberapa revisi ilustrasi, dan tabel baru. Bab 16 ditulis ulang untuk menjelaskan bagaimana otak dan sumsum tulang belakang proses informasi sensorik dan motorik dan meliputi lima topik baru. Bab 22 meliputi bagian signifikan direvisi pada imunitas adaptif, diperantarai sel imunitas, dan kekebalan antibodi-mediated bersama dengan ilustrasi yang diperbarui. Bab 26 menawarkan bagian direvisi pada reabsorpsi tubular dan sekresi tubular, dan produksi encer dan urin terkonsentrasi, yang menjelaskan konsep berlawanan perkalian dan pertukaran arus, disertai oleh ilustrasi yang disederhanakan. Semua aplikasi klinis telah ditinjau dengan mata uang dan telah dirancang ulang menjadi Clinical kotak Connection, untuk menjadi
lebih mudah dikenali dalam konten bab. Banyak entri dalam Gangguan: bagian Ketidakseimbangan homeostasis di ujung bab 'sekarang memiliki ilustrasi baru. Semua Medis Bagian terminologi, juga di ujung bab, telah diperbarui juga.
Daftar Isi:
1 AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY 1
Anatomy and Physiology Defined 2
Characteristics of the Living Human Organism 5
Homeostasis 8
Basic Anatomical Terminology 12
Medical Imaging 21
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Noninvasive Diagnostic Techniques 4 Autopsy 8
Diagnosis of Disease 12
2 THE CHEMICAL LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 28
How Matter Is Organized 29
Chemical Bonds 32
Chemical Reactions 36
Inorganic Compounds and Solutions 39
Organic Compounds 43
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Harmful and Beneficial Effects of Radiation 31
Free Radicals and Their Effects on Health 32
Fatty Acids in Health and Disease 48 DNA Fingerprinting 56
3 THE CELLULAR LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 61
Parts of a Cell 62
The Plasma Membrane 63
Transport Across the Plasma Membrane 66
Cytoplasm 76
Nucleus 87
Protein Synthesis 88
Transcription 90 Translation 91
Cell Division 93
Cellular Diversity 100 Aging and Cells 100
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Medical Uses of Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic Solutions 71
Digitalis Increases Ca2_ in Heart Muscle Cells 73 Viruses and Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis 74
Smooth ER and Drug Tolerance 82
Tay-Sachs Disease 84 Genomics 88 Recombinant DNA 91 Mitotic Spindle and Cancer 96
Tumor-Suppressor Genes 97 Progeria and Werner Syndrome 101
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 101 Medical Terminology 103
4 THE TISSUE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION 109
Types of Tissues and their Origins 110
Cell Junctions 110
Epithelial Tissue 112
Connective Tissue 123
Membranes 135
Muscular Tissue 137 Nervous Tissue 139
Excitable Cells 140
Tissue Repair: Restoring Homeostasis 140
Aging and Tissues 141
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Basement Membranes and Disease 112 Papanicolaou Test 120
Chondroitin Sulfate, Glucosamine, and Joint Disease 125 Marfan Syndrome 125 Liposuction 127
Tissue Engineering 134 Adhesions 141
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 141 Medical Terminology 142
5 THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 147
Structure of the Skin 148
Accessory Structures of the Skin 155
Types of Skin 160 Functions of the Skin 160
Maintaining Homeostasis: Skin Wound Healing 162
Development of the Integumentary System 162
Aging and the Integumentary System 164
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Skin Grafts 150 Psoriasis 152 Lines of Cleavage and Surgery 153
Skin Color as a Diagnostic Clue 154 Hair Removal 155 Chemotherapy and Hair Loss 157
Hair and Hormones 157 Acne 158 Impacted Cerumen 159 Transdermal Drug Administration 161
Sun Damage, Sunscreens, and Sunblocks 166
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM 167
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 169 Medical Terminology 170
6 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: BONE TISSUE 175
Functions of Bone and the
Skeletal System 176
Structure of Bone 176
Histology of Bone Tissue 176
Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 181
Bone Formation 182
Bone’s Role in Calcium Homeostasis 190
Exercise and Bone Tissue 191
Aging and Bone Tissue 191
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Bone Scan 179 Remodeling and Orthodontics 186
Hormonal Abnormalities That Affect Height 187
Treatments for Fractures 190
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 193 Medical Terminology 194
7 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE AXIAL SKELETON 198
Divisions of the Skeletal System 199
Types of Bones 199
Bone Surface Markings 201 Skull 202
Hyoid Bone 216
Vertebral Column 216
Thorax 226
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Black Eye 204 Cleft Palate and Cleft Lip 211 Deviated Nasal Septum 212
Temporomandibular Joint Syndrome 212
Sinusitis 215 Caudal Anesthesia 226 Rib Fractures, Dislocations, and Separations 227
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 229 Medical Terminology 231
8 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON 235
Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle 236
Upper Limb (Extremity) 239
Pelvic (hip) Girdle 245
Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 249
Lower Limb (Extremity) 251
Development of the Skeletal System 258
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Fractured Clavicle 237 Pelvimetry 249 Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome 253 Bone Grafting 255
Fractures of the Metatarsals 255 Flatfoot and Clawfoot 257
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM 260
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 261 Medical Terminology 261
9 JOINTS 264
Joint Classifications 265
Fibrous Joints 265
Cartilaginous Joints 267
Synovial Joints 267
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 270
Types of Synovial Joints 276
Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 279
Selected Joints of the Body 279
Aging and Joints 294 Arthroplasty 294
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Torn Cartilage and Arthroscopy 269 Sprain and Strain 269
Bursitis 270 Discolated Mandible 282
Rotator Cuff Injury and Dislocated and Separated Shoulder 286
Tennis Elbow, Little-League Elbow, and Dislocation of the Radial Head 287 Knee Injuries 292
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 296 Medical Terminology 296
10 MUSCULAR TISSUE 301
Overview of Muscular Tissue 302
Skeletal Muscle Tissue 303
Contraction and Relaxation of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 311
Muscle Metabolism 318
Control of Muscle Tension 320
Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 324
Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 325
Cardiac Muscle Tissue 327
Smooth Muscle Tissue 327
Regeneration of Muscular Tissue 329
Development of Muscle 329
Aging and Muscular Tissue 331
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Muscular Atrophy and Hypertrophy 305 Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage 308 Rigor Mortis 314
Electromyography 318 Creatine Supplementation 318 Aerobic Training versus Strength Training 323
Hypotonia and Hypertonia 323 Anabolic Steroids 326
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 331 Medical Terminology 332
11 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 337
How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 338
How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 343
Principal Skeletal Muscles 343
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Tenosynovitis 338 Intramuscular Injections 340 Benefits of Stretching 342
Bell’s Palsy 348 Strabismus 350 Intubation During Anesthesia 355 Inguinal Hernia 361
Injury of Levator Ani and Urinary Stress Incontinence 367 Impingement Syndrome 372
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome 384 Back Injuries and Heavy Lifting 392
Groin Pull 393 Pulled Hamstrings and Charley Horse 399
Shin Splint Syndrome 402 Plantar Fasciitis 408
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM 410
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 411
12 NERVOUS TISSUE 415
Overview of the Nervous System 416
Histology of Nervous Tissue 417
Organization of the Nervous System 425
Electrical Signals in Neurons 426
Signal Transmission at Synapses 441
Neurotransmitters 448
Neural Circuits 451 Regeneration and Repair of Nervous Tissue 452
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Demyelination 423 Neurotoxins and Local Anesthetics 438
Strychnine Poisoning 447 Excitotoxicity 448 Depression 450
Modifying the Effects of Neurotransmitters 451
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 454 Medical Terminology 454
13 THE SPINAL CORD AND SPINAL NERVES 460
Spinal Cord Anatomy 461
Spinal Nerves 468
Spinal Cord Physiology 480
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Spinal Tap 461 Injuries to the Phrenic Nerves 470
Injuries to Nerves Emerging from the Brachial Plexus 472 Lumbar Plexus Injuries 476
Sciatic Nerve Injury 478 Reflexes and Diagnosis 487
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 489 Medical Terminology 490
14 THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES 495
Brain Organization, Protection, and Blood Supply 496
Cerebrospinal Fluid 499
The Brain Stem 503
The Cerebellum 507
The Diencephalon 510
The Cerebrum 513
Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 518
Cranial Nerves 522
Development of the Nervous System 537
Aging and the Nervous System 539
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Breaching the Blood–Brain Barrier 499 Hydrocephalus 502
Injury of the Medulla 505 Ataxia 510 Brain Injuries 518
Aphasia 521 Dental Anesthesia 526
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 539 Medical Terminology 540
15 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 546
Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 547
Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 549
ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 558
Physiology of the ANS 560
Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 562
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Horner’s Syndrome 556
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 564
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 565 Medical Terminology 565
16 SENSORY, MOTOR, AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS 569
Sensation 570
Somatic Sensations 573
Somatic Sensory Pathways 578
Somatic Motor Pathways 583
Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum 590
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Phantom Limb Sensation 574 Analgesia: Relief from Pain 576
Syphilis 583 Paralysis 584 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 587
Disorders of the Basal Ganglia 588 Amnesia 592
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 593 Medical Terminology 593
17 THE SPECIAL SENSES 598
Olfaction: Sense of Smell 599
Gustation: Sense of Taste 602
Vision 604
Hearing and Equilibrium 620
Development of the Eyes and Ears 633
Aging and the Special Senses 636
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Hyposmia 601 Taste Aversion 604 Detached Retina 610
Age-related Macular Disease 610 Presbyopia 614 LASIK 614
Color Blindness and Night Blindness 618 Loud Sounds and Hair Cell Damage 626
Cochlear Implants 628
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 636 Medical Terminology 637
18 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 642
Comparison of Control by The Nervous and Endocrine Systems 643
Endocrine Glands 643
Hormone Activity 644
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 646
Control of Hormone Secretion 650
Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 650
Thyroid Gland 658
Parathyroid Glands 662
Parathyroid Hormone 662
Adrenal Glands 665
Pancreatic Islets 669
Ovaries and Testes 673 Pineal Gland 673 Thymus 674
Other Endocrine Tissues and Organs, Eicosanoids, and Growth Factors 674
The Stress Response 675
Development of the Endocrine System 678
Aging and the Endocrine System 678
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Blocking Hormone Receptors 645 Administering Hormones 646
Diabetogenic Effect of hGH 654 Oxytocin and Childbirth 657
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 668 Seasonal Affective Disorder and Jet Lag 674
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 675 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 676
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 680
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 681 Medical Terminology 683
19 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE BLOOD 689
Functions and Properties of Blood 690
Formation of Blood Cells 693
Red Blood Cells 695
White Blood Cells 699
Platelets 701
Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 703
Hemostasis 703
Blood Groups and Blood Types 708
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Withdrawing Blood 690 Bone Marrow Examination 694
Medical Uses of Hemopoietic Growth Factors 695 Iron Overload and Tissue Damage 698
Reticulocyte Count 699 Complete Blood Count 702 Anticoagulants 707
Aspirin and Thrombolytic Agents 707 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 710
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 711 Medical Terminology 712
20 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: THE HEART 717
Anatomy of the Heart 718
Heart Valves and Circulation of Blood 725
Cardiac Muscle Tissue and the Cardiac Conduction System 730
The Cardiac Cycle 738
Cardiac Output 741
Exercise and the Heart 745
Help for Failing Hearts 745
Development of the Heart 748
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 719 Pericarditis 720 Myocarditis and Endocarditis 720
Heart Valve Disorders 727 Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction 730 Regeneration of Heart Cells 732
Artificial Pacemakers 734 Heart Murmurs 740 Congestive Heart Failure 742
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 750 Medical Terminology 755
21 THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: BLOOD VESSELS AND HEMODYNAMICS 760
Structure and Function of Blood Vessels 761
Capillary Exchange 769
Hemodynamics: Factors Affecting Blood Flow 772
Control of Blood Pressure and Blood Flow 775
Checking Circulation 780
Shock and Homeostasis 781
Circulatory Routes 783
Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 822
Aging and the Cardiovascular System 823
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Angiogenesis and Disease 761 Varicose Veins 768 Edema 772
Syncope 774 Carotid SinusMassage and Carotid Sinus Syncope 778
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 824
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 825 Medical Terminology 826
22 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 831
Lymphatic System Structure and Function 832
Development of Lymphatic Tissues 841
Innate Immunity 842
Cell-mediated Immunity 853
Antibody-mediated Immunity 856
Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance 862
Stress and Immunity 864
Aging and the Immune System 864
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Metastasis Through Lymphatic Vessels 840 Ruptured Spleen 841
Microbial Evasion of Phagocytosis 843 Abscesses and Ulcers 846
Cytokine Therapy 852 Graft Rejection and Tissue Typing 856
Monoclonal Antibodies 859 Cancer Immunology 863
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM AND IMMUNITY 865
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 866 Medical Terminology 868
23 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 874
Respiratory System Anatomy 875
Pulmonary Ventilation 890
Lung Volumes and Capacities 894
Exchange of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 896
Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 900
Control of Respiration 905
Exercise and the Respiratory System 910
Development of the Respiratory System 910
Aging and the Respiratory System 911
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Rhinoplasty 875 Tonsillectomy 879 Laryngitis and Cancer of the Larynx 882
Tracheotomy and Intubation 882 Pneumothorax and Hemothorax 885
Respiratory Distress Syndrome 894 Hyperbaric Oxygenation 897 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 903
Hypoxia 908 The Effect of Smoking on Respiratory Efficiency 910
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 912
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 913 Medical Terminology 915
24 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 921
Overview of the Digestive System 922
Layers of the GI Tract 924
Neural Innervation of the GI Tract 925
Peritoneum 927
Mouth 928
Pharynx 934
Esophagus 934
Deglutition 935
Stomach 937
Pancreas 942
Liver and Gallbladder 945
Small Intestine 949
Large Intestine 959
Phases of Digestion 965
Development of the Digestive System 967
Aging and the Digestive System 967
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Peritonitis 928 Mumps 931 Root Canal Therapy 932
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 936 Pylorospasm and Pyloric Stenosis 937 Vomiting 942
Pancreatitis and Pancreatic Cancer 944 Jaundice 948 Gallstones 948 Lactose Intolerance 954
Absorption of Alcohol 959 Appendicitis 960 Polyps in the Colon 961 Occult Blood 963
Dietary Fiber 964
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 968
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 969 Medical Terminology 970
25 METABOLISM AND NUTRITION 977
Metabolic Reactions 978
Energy Transfer 979
Carbohydrate Metabolism 980
Lipid Metabolism 990
Protein Metabolism 993
Key Molecules at Metabolic Crossroads 995
Metabolic Adaptations 997
Heat and Energy Balance 1001
Nutrition 1006
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Carbohydrate Loading 989 Ketosis 993 Phenylketonuria 995
Hypothermia 1004 Emotional Eating 1005 Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 1008
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 1012 Medical Terminology 1012
26 THE URINARY SYSTEM 1018
Overview of Kidney Functions 1020
Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 1020
Overview of Renal Physiology 1029
Glomerular Filtration 1030
Tubular Reabsorption and Tubular Secretion 1034
Production of Dilute and Concentrated Urine 1042
Evaluation of Kidney Function 1047
Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 1049
Waste Management in Other Body Systems 1052
Development of the Urinary System 1053
Aging and the Urinary System 1053
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Nephroptosis (Floating Kidney) 1022 Kidney Transplant 1024
Glucosuria 1036 Loss of Plasma Proteins in Urine Causes Edema 1032 Diuretics 1045 Dialysis 1048
Cystoscopy 1050 Urinary Incontinence 1052
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE URINARY SYSTEM 1055
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 1056 Medical Terminology 1057
27 FLUID, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID–BASE HOMEOSTASIS 1062
Fluid Compartments and Fluid Balance 1063
Electrolytes in Body Fluids 1067
Acid–Base Balance 1070
Aging and Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Balance 1077
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Enemas and Fluid Balance 1067 Indicators of Na_ Imbalance 1069
Diagnosis of Acid–Base Imbalances 1076
28 THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 1081
Male Reproductive System 1082
Female Reproductive System 1095
The Female Reproductive Cycle 1112
Birth Control Methods and Abortion 1117
Development of the Reproductive Systems 1119
Aging and the Reproductive Systems 1122
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Cryptorchidism 1087 Vasectomy 1091 Circumcision 1095
Premature Ejaculation 1095 Ovarian Cysts 1101
Uterine Prolapse 1105 Hysterectomy 1107 Episiotomy 1110
Breast Augmentation and Reduction 1111 Fibrocystic Disease of the Breasts 1112
Female Athlete Triad: Disordered Eating, Amenorrhea, and Premature Osteoporosis 1117
FOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS 1123
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 1124 Medical Terminology 1126
29 DEVELOPMENT AND INHERITANCE 1133
Embryonic Period 1134
Fetal Period 1150 Teratogens 1153
Prenatal Diagnostic Tests 1153
Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 1155
Exercise and Pregnancy 1158 Labor 1158
Adjustments of the Infant at Birth 1160
The Physiology of Lactation 1161 Inheritance 1163
• CLINICAL CONNECTION
Stem Cell Research and Therapeutic Cloning 1136 Ectopic Pregnancy 1138 Anencephaly 1144
Placenta Previa 1147 Early Pregnancy Tests 1155 Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension 1158
Dystocia and Cesarean Section 1160 Premature Infants 1161
Disorders: Homeostatic Imbalances 1168 Medical Terminology 1169
APPENDIX A: MEASUREMENTS A-1
APPENDIX B: PERIODIC TABLE B-3
APPENDIX C: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED BLOOD TESTS C-4
APPENDIX D: NORMAL VALUES FOR SELECTED URINE TESTS D-6
APPENDIX E: ANSWERS E-8
GLOSSARY G-1
CREDITS C-1
INDEX I-1
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