Breast Cancer and the Environment A Life Course Approach
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2012 oleh National Academies Press, USA adalah buku edisi pertama.
Judul: Breast Cancer and the Environment A Life Course Approach
Oleh: Committee on Breast Cancer and the Environment
Penerbit: National Academies Press, USA
Tahun: 2012
Jumlah Halaman: 371
Editor:
Committee on Breast Cancer and the Environment
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini mengemukakan hasil penelitian tentang Kanker Payudara, di antaranya untuk menilai bukti saat ini pada kontribusi paparan lingkungan, sendiri atau dalam kombinasi dengan faktor genetik, dengan risiko mengembangkan kanker payudara; meninjau tantangan dalam menyelidiki potensi kontribusi lingkungan; mengeksplorasi tindakan berbasis bukti bahwa wanita mungkin berupaya untuk mengurangi risiko kanker payudara; dan merekomendasikan arah penelitian.
Buku ini juga mengemukakan bahwa "Lingkungan" yang didefinisikan secara luas untuk mencakup semua faktor yang tidak langsung mewarisi melalui DNA, dan ulasan kualitatif memeriksa bukti-bukti terkini tentang faktor-faktor yang dipilih yang menggambarkan berbagai agen dan kondisi lingkungan yang mungkin lebih setuju untuk modifikasi. Untuk beberapa faktor, studi epidemiologi secara konsisten mendukung asosiasi dengan peningkatan risiko kanker payudara (misalnya, radiasi pengion, terapi hormon kombinasi, Berat menopause lebih besar) atau mengurangi risiko (kegiatan misalnya, fisik). Bagi banyak lainnya faktor, bagaimanapun, bukti epidemiologi lebih terbatas, bertentangan, atau tidak ada. Bukti dari studi hewan atau mekanistik kadang-kadang menambahkan dukungan untuk bukti epidemiologi atau menunjukkan secara biologis masuk akal ketika bukti manusia kurang untuk faktor tertentu.
Daftar Isi:
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS xvii
SUMMARY S-1
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
Study Charge and Committee Activities, 1-2
Approach to the Study, 1-4
Topics Beyond the Scope of the Study, 1-7
The Committee’s Report, 1-7
References, 1-8
2 BACKGROUND, DEFINITIONS, CONCEPTS 2-1
An Introduction to Breast Cancer, 2-1
Breast Cancer Incidence in the United States, 2-6
A Broad Perspective on the Environment, 2-12
Investigating Whether Environmental Factors Are Related to Breast Cancer, 2-14
Some Measures of Disease Risk, 2-20
Summary, 2-21
References, 2-22
3 WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED FROM CURRENT APPROACHES TO STUDYING
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS 3-1
Scope of the Review, 3-1
Discussion of Specific Environmental Factors, 3-6
Summary, 3-55
References, 3-56
4 CHALLENGES OF STUDYING ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS FOR BREAST
CANCER 4-1
Complexity of Breast Cancer, 4-1
Studying Environmental Chemical and Physical Exposures Through Human Studies, 4-4
Human Epidemiologic Study Design and Implementation, 4-11
Studying the Role of Genetics in Breast Cancer, 4-19
Gene–Environment Interactions, 4-20
Implications of Genetic Variability for Understanding Risk for Breast Cancer, 4-23
Studying Environmental Risk Factors Through Whole Animal and In Vitro Experiments, 4-26
Summary, 4-40
References, 4-40
5 EXAMINING MECHANISMS OF BREAST CANCER OVER THE LIFE COURSE:
IMPLICATIONS FOR RISK 5-1
Environmental Exposures Over the Life Course as Determinants of Breast Cancer Risk, 5-2
Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Development, 5-13
Possible Biologic Mechanisms for Alterations in Breast Cancer Risk Associated with Obesity, 5-20
A Need to Consider Timing of Exposure Across the Life Course, 5-22
References, 5-23
6 OPPORTUNITIES FOR ACTION TO REDUCE ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS FOR
BREAST CANCER 6-1
Recognizing Uncertainty of Benefits and Risks, 6-1
Evidence-Based Opportunities for Action to Reduce Risk, 6-4
Likely Opportunities to Act to Reduce Risk of Breast Cancer, 6-5
Assessing the Potential Impact of Risk Reduction Efforts, 6-19
Summary, 6-23
References, 6-24
7 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 7-1
Applying a Life-Course Perspective to Research on Breast Cancer, 7-2
Targeting Specific Concerns, 7-3
Epidemiologic Research, 7-5
Research to Advance Preventive Actions, 7-6
Testing to Identify Potential Breast Carcinogens, 7-8
Understanding Breast Cancer Risks, 7-13
Concluding Observations, 7-15
References, 7-15
APPENDIXES
A Agendas for Public Meetings A-1
B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members B-1
C Classification Systems Used in Evidence Reviews C-1
D Summary Table on Estimates of Population Attributable Risk D-1
E Glossary E-1
F Ionizing Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population, with a Focus on Radiation from
Medical Imaging F-1
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