Esentials of Meteorology An Invitation to the Atmosfere Third Edition
Judul: Esentials of Meteorology An Invitation to the Atmosfere Third Edition
Oleh: C. Donald Ahrens
Penerbit: -
Tahun: -
Jumlah Halaman: 463 hal.
Penulis:
C. Donald Ahrens
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini mencakup: Atmosfer Bumi; Pemanasan Bumi dan Atmosfer; Suhu Udara;
Kelembaban, Kondensasi, dan Awan; Pembentukan Awan dan Pengendapan; Tekanan udara dan Angin;
Sirkulasi Atmosfer; Masa Udara, Front, dan Siklon Tengah-Latitude; Peramalan cuaca; Petir dan Tornado; Badai; Polusi Udara; Iklim; Perubahan Iklim; Serta Cahaya, Warna, dan Atmosfer Optik.
Daftar Isi:
Chapter 1 The Earth’s Atmosphere 1
Overview of the Earth’s Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
The Early Atmosphere
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density
Layers of the Atmosphere
Focus on an Observation: The Radiosonde
The Ionosphere
Weather and Climate
A Satellite’s View of the Weather
Storms of All Sizes
A Look at a Weather Map
Weather and Climate in Our Lives
Focus on a Special Topic: Meteorology—A Brief History
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 2 Warming the Earth and the Atmosphere 25
Temperature and Heat Transfer
Temperature Scales
Latent Heat—The Hidden Warmth
Conduction
Convection
Focus on a Special Topic: Rising Air Cools and Sinking
Air Warms
Radiation
Focus on a Special Topic: Sun Burning and UV Rays
Balancing Act—Absorption, Emission, and Equilibrium
Selective Absorbers and the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect
Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect
Warming the Air from Below
Incoming Solar Energy
Scattered and Reflected Light
The Earth’s Annual Energy Balance
Why the Earth Has Seasons
Focus on an Observation: The Aurora—A Dazzling Light Show
Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere
Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere
Focus on a Special Topic: Is December 21 Really
the First Day of Winter?
Local Seasonal Variations
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 3 Air Temperature
Daily Temperature Variations
Daytime Warming
Nighttime Cooling
Cold Air Near the Surface
Focus on a Special Topic: Record High Temperatures
Protecting Crops from the Cold
Night Air
Focus on a Special Topic: Record Low Temperatures
The Controls of Temperature
Air Temperature Data
Daily, Monthly, and Yearly
Temperatures
Focus on a Special Topic: When It Comes to Temperature, What’s Normal?
The Use of Temperature Data
Air Temperature and Human Comfort
Focus on a Special Topic: A Thousand Degrees and Freezing to Death
Measuring Air Temperature
Focus on an Observation: Thermometers Should Be Read in the Shade
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 4 Humidity, Condensation, and Clouds 75
Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere
Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation
Humidity
Vapor Pressure
Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity and Dew Point
Relative Humidity and Human
Discomfort
Measuring Humidity
Focus on a Special Topic: Humid Air and Dry Air Do Not Weigh the Same
Dew and Frost
Fog
Foggy Weather
Focus on a Special Topic: Fog Dispersal
Clouds
Classification of Clouds
Cloud Identification
High Clouds
Middle Clouds
Low Clouds
Clouds with Vertical Development
Some Unusual Clouds
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 5 Cloud Development and Precipitation 109
Atmospheric Stability
Determining Stability
Stable Air
Unstable Air
Conditionally Unstable Air
Cloud Development and Stability
Convection and Clouds
Topography and Clouds
Precipitation Processes
Collision and Coalescence Process
Ice-Crystal Process
Cloud Seeding and Precipitation
Precipitation in Clouds
Focus on a Special Topic: Does Cloud Seeding Enhance Precipitation?
Precipitation Types
Rain
Focus on a Special Topic: Are Raindrops Tear-Shaped?
Snow
Sleet and Freezing Rain
Focus on an Observation: Aircraft Icing
Snow Grains and Snow Pellets
Hail
Measuring Precipitation
Instruments
Doppler Radar and Precipitation
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 6 Air Pressure and Winds 139
Atmospheric Pressure
Measuring Air Pressure
Focus on a Special Topic: The Atmosphere Obeys the Gas Law
Barometers
Pressure Readings
Surface and Upper-Air Charts
Focus on a Special Topic: Isobaric Maps
Why the Wind Blows
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Forces That Influence the Wind
Pressure Gradient Force
Coriolis Force
Straight-Line Flow Aloft
Curved Winds Around Lows and Highs Aloft
Focus on an Observation: Winds Aloft in the Southern Hemisphere
Winds on Upper-Level Charts
Surface Winds
Focus on an Observation: Estimating Wind Direction and Pressure Patterns Aloft
Winds and Vertical Air Motions
Measuring and Determining Winds
The Influence of Prevailing Winds
Wind Instruments
Focus on a Special Topic: Wind Power
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 7 Atmospheric Circulations 165
Scales of Atmospheric Motion
Eddies—Big and Small
Local Wind Systems
Thermal Circulations
Focus on an Observation: Eddies and “Air Pockets”
Sea and Land Breezes
Seasonally Changing Winds— The Monsoon
Mountain and Valley Breezes
Katabatic Winds
Focus on a Special Topic: Snow Eaters and Rapid Temperature Changes
Chinook (Foehn) Winds
Santa Ana Winds
Desert Winds
Global Winds
General Circulation of the
Atmosphere
Single-Cell Model
Three-Cell Model
Average Surface Winds and
Pressure: The Real World
The General Circulation and
Precipitation Patterns
Westerly Winds and the Jet Stream
Global Wind Patterns and the Oceans
Winds and Upwelling
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 8 Air Masses, Fronts, and Middle-Latitude Cyclones 197
Air Masses
Source Regions
Classification
Air Masses of North America
cP (Continental Polar) and cA
(Continental Arctic) Air Masses
Focus on a Special Topic: Lake-Effect (Enhanced) Snows
mP (Maritime Polar) Air Masses
Focus on a Special Topic: The Return of the Siberian Express
mT (Maritime Tropical) Air Masses
cT (Continental Tropical) Air Masses
Fronts
Stationary Fronts
Cold Fronts
Warm Fronts
Occluded Fronts
Middle-Latitude Cyclones
Polar Front Theory
Where Do Mid-Latitude Cyclones
Tend to Form?
Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclones and Anticyclones
Focus on a Special Topic: Northeasters
Focus on a Special Topic: A Closer Look at Convergence and Divergence
Jet Streams and Developing
Mid-Latitude Cyclones
Focus on a Special Topic: Waves in the Westerlies
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 9 Weather Forecasting 227
Acquisition of Weather Information
Focus on a Special Topic: Watches, Warnings, and Advisories
Weather Forecasting Methods and Tools
The Computer and Weather
Forecasting: Numerical
Weather Prediction
Why Forecasts Go Awry
Tools for Forecasting the Weather
Satellites and Weather Forecasting
Other Forecasting Methods
Accuracy and Skill in Weather
Forecasting
Focus on an Observation: TV Weathercasters—How Do They Do It?
Predicting the Weather from Local Signs
Weather Forecasting Using Surface Charts
Determining the Movement of
Weather Systems
A Forecast for Six Cities
Weather Forecast for Augusta, Georgia
Rain or Snow for Washington, D.C.?
Big Snowstorm for Chicago
Mixed Bag of Weather for Memphis
Cold Wave for Dallas
Clear but Cold for Denver
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 10 Thunderstorms and Tornadoes 253
What Are Thunderstorms?
Ordinary (Air-Mass) Thunderstorms
Severe Thunderstorms
The Gust Front and Microburst
Supercell and Squall-Line
Thunderstorms
Severe Thunderstorms and the Dryline
Mesoscale Convective Complexes
Floods and Flash Floods
Focus on a Special Topic: The Terrifying Flash Flood in the Big Thompson Canyon
Distribution of Thunderstorms
Lightning and Thunder
Electrification of Clouds
The Lightning Stroke
Lightning Detection and Suppression
Focus on an Observation: Don’t Sit Under the Apple Tree
Tornadoes
Tornado Occurrence
Tornado Winds
Tornado Formation
Observing Tornadoes
Focus on an Observation: Thunderstorm Rotation
Severe Weather and Doppler Radar
Waterspouts
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 11 Hurricanes 289
Tropical Weather
Anatomy of a Hurricane
Hurricane Formation and Dissipation
Hurricane Stages of Development
Hurricane Movement
Focus on a Special Topic: How Do Hurricanes Compare with Middle-Latitude Storms?
Destruction and Warning
Focus on a Special Topic: Modifying Hurricanes
Naming Hurricanes
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 12 Air Pollution 313
A Brief History of Air Pollution
Types and Sources of Air Pollutants
Principal Air Pollutants
Ozone in the Troposphere
Ozone in the Stratosphere
Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns
Focus on a Special Topic: The Ozone Hole
Factors that Affect Air Pollution
The Role of the Wind
The Role of Stability and Inversions
Focus on an Observation: Smokestack Plumes
The Role of Topography
Severe Air Pollution Potential
Air Pollution and the Urban Environment
Focus on an Observation: Five Days in Donora— An Air Pollution Episode
Acid Deposition
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 13 Global Climate 339
A World with Many Climates
Global Temperatures
Global Precipitation
Focus on a Special Topic: Precipitation Extremes
Climatic Classification— The Köppen System
The Global Pattern of Climate
Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)
Dry Climates (Group B)
Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (Group C)
Focus on a Special Topic: A Desert with Clouds and Drizzle
Moist Continental Climates (Group D)
Polar Climates (Group E)
Highland Climates (Group H)
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 14 Climate Change 371
The Earth’s Changing Climate
Determining Past Climates
Climate Through the Ages
Climate During the Last 1000 Years
Possible Causes of Climatic Change
Climate Change and Feedback Mechanisms
Focus on a Special Topic: The Greenhouse Effect on Venus
Climate Change, Plate Tectonics, and Mountain-Building
Climate Change and Variations in the Earth’s Orbit
Climate Change and Atmospheric Particles
Aerosols in the Troposphere
Volcanic Eruptions and Aerosols in the Stratosphere
Focus on a Special Topic: Nuclear Winter, Cold Summers, and Dead Dinosaurs
Climate Change and Variations in Solar Output
Carbon Dioxide, the Greenhouse Effect, and Recent Global Warming
Oceans, Clouds, and Global Warming
Possible Consequences of Global Warming
Focus on a Special Topic: The Ocean Conveyor Belt and Climate Change
Is the Warming Real?
In Perspective
Focus on a Special Topic: The Sahel—An Example of Climatic Variability and Human Existence
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Chapter 15 Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics 399
White and Colors
White Clouds and Scattered Light
Blue Skies and Hazy Days
Red Suns and Blue Moons
Twinkling, Twilight, and the Green Flash
The Mirage: Seeing Is Not Believing
Focus on an Observation: The Fata Morgana
Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars
Rainbows
Coronas and Cloud Iridescence
Focus on an Observation: Glories and the Heiligenschein
Summary
Key Terms
Questions for Review
Questions for Thought and Exploration
Additional Reading Material 437
APPENDIX A Units, Conversions, Abbreviations, and Equations 421
APPENDIX B Equations and Constants 424
APPENDIX C Weather Symbols and the Station Model 427
APPENDIX D Humidity and Dew-Point Tables (Psychromatic Tables) 429
APPENDIX E Köppen’s Climatic Classification System 433
APPENDIX F Heat Index (HI) Table 434
APPENDIX G Beaufort Wind Scale (Over Land) 435
APPENDIX H Standard Atmosphere 436
Credits 438
Glossary 439
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