Saturday, August 8, 2015

Critical Thinking Skills Developing Effective Analysis and Argument


Critical Thinking Skills Developing Effective Analysis and Argument
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2005  oleh  PALCRAVE MACMILLAN, New York,  merupakan buku edisi pertama.
   

Judul:  Critical Thinking Skills Developing Effective Analysis and Argument
Oleh:  Stella Cottrell
Penerbit:  PALCRAVE MACMILLAN, New York
Tahun: 2005
Jumlah Halaman:  232  hal.


Penulis:

Stella Cottrell


Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini bertujuan untuk membantu pembaca mengembangkan  pemahaman tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan berpikir kritis dan mengembangkan keterampilan penalaran mereka sendiri. Keterampilan ini sangat penting untuk mereka maju ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari studi akademis,
apakah di tingkat lanjutan atau gelar. Namun, konsep dasar yang berguna untuk siapa pun yang ingin:
memahami konsep-konsep yang digunakan dalam berpikir kritis; mengembangkan pemikiran yang lebih jelas; menafsirkan dan menghasilkan argumen yang lebih efektif; Lebih jeli tentang  apa yang mereka lihat dan dengar.
Buku ini berfokus terutama pada aspek berpikir kritis yang dapat diterapkan untuk bekerja dan belajar, dan yang membantu individu untuk berpikir tentang bagaimana mereka pikir. Hal ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menjadi Studi penalaran abstrak atau logika lebih maju. Untuk ini, pembaca disebut karya-karya seperti A. Garnham dan J. Oakhill (1994), Thinking and Reasoning, and A. Fisher (1988), The Logic Real Argumen. Sebaliknya, tujuannya adalah untuk fokus pada dasar-dasar pemikiran yang jernih.

Daftar Isi: 


Introduction viii
Glossary   xii
Acknowledgements   xiv
1  What is critical thinking?    1
    Introduction   1
    What is critical thinking?  2
    Reasoning    3
    Why develop critical thinking skills?    4
    Underlying skills and attitudes   5
    Self-awareness for accurate judgement   6
    Personal strategies for critical thinking    7
    Critical thinking in academic contexts    8
    Barriers to critical thinking     10
    Critical thinking: knowledge, skills and attitudes    13
    Priorities: developing critical thinking  abilities    14
    Summary    16
2  How well do you think? Develop  your thinking skills    17
    Introduction    17
    Assess your thinking skills    18
    Scoring Sheet    22
    Focusing attention    23
    Focusing attention: Identifying difference    24
    Focusing attention: Recognising sequence    25
    Categorising    27
    Activity: Categorising text    28
    Close reading   29
    Information about the sources    31
    Answers to activities in Chapter 2     32
3     What's their point? Identifying  arguments    37
    Introduction    37
    The author's position    38
    Activity: Capturing the author's position    39
    Argument: Persuasion through reasons   40
    Identifying the argument   41
    Activity: Identifying simple arguments   44
    Activity: Reasons and conclusions   45
    Hunting out the conclusion    46
    Summary of features    47
    Summary    48
    Information about the sources    48
    Answers to activities in Chapter 3    49
4     Is it an argument? Argument and  non-argument    51
    Introduction   51
    Argument and disagreement    52
    Activity: Argument and disagreement   53
    Non-arguments: Description   54
      Non-arguments: Explanations and summaries   55
    Activity: What type of message?    56
    Distinguishing argument from other material   58
    Activity: Selecting out the argument    59
    Summary    61
    Information about the sources    61
    Answers to activities in Chapter 4    62
5     How well do they say it? Clarity,  consistency and structure   63
    Introduction   6
    How clear is the author's position?   64
    Internal consistency    65
    Activity: Internal consistency    66
    Logical consistency   67
    Activity: Logical consistency    68
    Independent reasons and joint reasons    69
    Activity: Independent and joint reasons    70
    Intermediate conclusions   71
    Intermediate conclusions used as reasons    72
    Activity: Intermediate conclusions    73
    Summative and logical conclusions    74
    Activity: Summative and logical conclusions    75
    Logical order   76
    Activity: Logical order   77
    Summary   78
    Information about the sources   78
    Answers to activities in Chapter 5   79
6  Reading between the lines: Recognising underlying assumptions  and implicit arguments 85
    Introduction 85
    Assumptions 86
    Activity: Identify the underlying assumptions 8 7
    Identifying hidden assumptions 88
    Implicit assumptions used as reasons 89
    Activity: Implicit assumptions used as reasons 90
    False premises 9 1
    Activity: False premises 92
    Implicit arguments 93
    Activity: Implicit arguments 94
    Denoted and connoted meanings 95
    Activities: Associations and stereotypes 97
    Activity: Denoted and connoted meanings 98
    Summary 99
    Information about the sources 99
    Answers to activities in Chapter 6 100
7  Does it add up? Identifying flaws in the argument 105
    Introduction 105
    Assuming a causal link 106
    Correlations and false correlations 107
    Activity: Identify the nature of the link 108
    Not meeting the necessary conditions 109
    Not meeting sufficient conditions 110
    Activity: Necessary and sufficient conditions 111
    False analogies 112
    Activity: False analogies 113
    Deflection, complicity and exclusion 114
    Other types of flawed argument 115
    Unwarranted leaps and 'castle of cards' 116
    Emotive language; Attacking the person 11 7
    More flaws 118
    Misrepresentation and trivialisation 119
    Tautology; Two wrongs don't make a right 120
    Summary 121
    Information about the sources 121
    Answers to activities in Chapter 7 122
8  Where's the proof? Finding and evaluating sources of evidence 125
    Introduction 125
    Primary and secondary source materials 126
    Searching for evidence 127
    Literature searches 128
    Reputable sources 129
    Authenticity and validity 130
    Currency and reliability 131
    Selecting the best evidence 132
    Relevant and irrelevant evidence 133
    Activity: Relevant and irrelevant evidence 134
    Representative samples 135
    Activity: Representative samples 136
    Certainty and probability 137
    Sample sizes and statistical significance 138
    Over-generalisation 139
    Controlling for variables 140
    Facts and opinions 141
    Eye-witness testimony 142
    Triangulation 143
    Evaluating a body of evidence 144
    Summary 145
    Information about the sources 145
    Answers to activities in Chapter 8 146
9  Critical reading and note-making: Critical selection, interpretation and noting of source
    material 147

    Introduction 147
    Preparing for critical reading 148
    Identifying the theoretical perspective 149
    The relation of theory to argument 150
    Categorising and selecting 151
    Accurate interpretation when reading 152
    Making notes to support critical reading 153
    Reading and noting for a purpose 154
    Concise critical notes: Analysing argument 155
    Concise critical notes: Books 156
    Concise critical notes: Articles and papers 157
    Critical selection when note-making 158
    Activity: Critical selection 159
    Commentary on critical selection 161
    Note your source of information 162
    Summary 164
    Information about the sources 164
    Answers to activities in Chapter 9 165
10  Critical, analytical writing: Critical thinking when writing   167
    Introduction    167
    Characteristics of critical, analytical writing   168
    Setting the scene for the reader    170
    Activity: Setting the scene for the reader    171
    Writing up the literature search    172
    Words used to introduce the line of reasoning    173
    Words used to reinforce the line of reasoning (2)    174
    Signposting alternative points of view   175
    Words used to signpost conclusions   177
    Words and phrases used to structure the line of reasoning    178
    Drawing tentative conclusions   179
    Activity: Writing conclusions    180
    Summary    181
    Information about the sources   181
    Answers to activities in Chapter 10    182
11  Where's the analysis? Evaluating critical writing    183
    Introduction   183
    Checklist for Essay 1   184
    Evaluate Essay 1   185
    Evaluation of Essay 1    187
    Commentary for Essay 1    188
    Checklist for evaluating Essay 2   190
    Evaluate Essay 2    191
    Evaluation of Essay 2    192
    Commentary on Essay 2   194
    Evaluating your writing for critical thinking 196
    Summary 198
Texts for activities in Chapters 8, 9  and 11   199
Practice activities on longer texts   207
Practice 1: Features of an argument   208
     Answers to Practice 1: Features of an argument 212
Practice 2: Finding flaws in the  argument 215
    Answers to Practice 2: Finding flaws in the argument 219
Practice 3: Features of an argument 223
    Answers to Practice 3: Features of an argument 229
Practice 4: Finding flaws in the argument 234
    Answers to Practice 4: Finding flaws in the argument 239
Appendix: Selected search engines and databases for on-line literature searches 245
Bibliography   246
Index    248



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