Invitation to Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2008 oleh Thomson Wadsworth, USA adalah buku edisi Kednam.
Judul: Invitation to Critical Thinking, Sixth Edition
Oleh: Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry
Penerbit: Thomson Wadsworth, USA
Tahun: 2008
Jumlah Halaman: 433 hal.
Penulis:
Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini fokus pada pengakuan, analisis, evaluasi, dan komposisi argumen sebagai alat diskursif persuasi rasional. Efisi ke enam ini pembahasannya meliputi:
• taksonomi Bloom: dimensi kognitif dan afektif berpikir dan hasil bahasa eksposisi lebih jelas dari
referensi, denotasi, konotasi dan dalam bahasa;
• sistem penuangan Revisi konsisten dengan konvensi grafis yang berlaku;
• Inklusif dan disjungsi eksklusif;
• Konstruktif dan dilema yang merusak;
• Kekeliruan terlarang silogisme disjungtif;
• Metode Mill dari Residu;
• Inference untuk penjelasan terbaik;
• inferensi palsu untuk penjelasan terbaik;
• alat-alat penelitian internet dan tips.
Daftar Isi:
UNIT 1: THE BASICS 1
Chapter 1: Critical Thinking 3
The Importance of Critical Thinking 4
What Is Critical Thinking? 11
Obstacles to Critical Thinking 14
Looking Ahead: Issues and Disputes 33
Glossary 41
Additional Exercises 42
Notes 44
Chapter 2: Language 45
What Is Language? 46
Functions of Language 47
Meaning in Language 52
Definitions 58
Glossary 76
Additional Exercises 76
Notes 82
UNIT 2: ARGUMENT: FUNDAMENTAL MEDIUM OF RATIONAL DELIBERATION 83
Chapter 3: Argument 85
Argument Identification 87
Argument Analysis 90
Glossary 98
Additional Exercises 99
Notes 103
Chapter 4: Argument Analysis I: Representing Argument Structure 105
The Goal of Argument Analysis 105
Elementary Procedures 107
Intermediate Challenges 116
Glossary 130
Additional Exercises 131
Notes 135
Chapter 5: Argument Analysis II: Paraphrasing Arguments 137
Paraphrasing 137
Advanced Applications 142
Additional Exercises 151
Notes 155
UNIT 3: DEDUCTIVE REASONING 157
Chapter 6: Evaluating Deductive Arguments I: Categorical Logic 159
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 160
Argument Form 163
Categorical Logic 173
Glossary 193
Additional Exercises 194
Chapter 7: Evaluating Deductive Arguments II: Truth Functional Logic 199
Truth Functional Analysis of Logical Operators 200
Argument Forms 206
Testing for Validity with Truth Tables 218
Glossary 222
Additional Exercises 223
Notes 226
UNIT 4: INDUCTIVE REASONING 227
Chapter 8: Evaluating Inductive Arguments I: Generalization and Analogy 229
Assessing Inductive Strength 230
Reasoning by Analogy 236
Glossary 249
Additional Exercises 249
Notes 255
Chapter 9: Evaluating Inductive Arguments II: Hypothetical Reasoning and Burden of
Proof 257
Presumption and the Burden of Proof 257
Reasoning Hypothetically 260
Causal Reasoning 270
Glossary 277
Additional Exercises 278
Notes 281
UNIT 5: EVALUATING WHOLE ARGUMENTS 283
Chapter 10: Evaluating Premises: Self-Evidence, Consistency, and Indirect Proof 285
Necessary Truths 287
Contingent Claims 290
Beyond Self-Evidence 295
Glossary 298
Additional Exercises 298
Notes 302
Chapter 11: Informal Fallacies I: Assumptions, Language, Relevance, and Authority 303
Fallacious Assumptions 305
Fallacies of Language 308
Fallacies of Relevance 323
Fallacious Appeals to Authority 342
Glossary 346
Additional Exercises 348
Notes 352
Chapter 12: Informal Fallacies II: Inductive Reasoning 355
Polling, Probability, and Statistics 355
Analogy and Burden of Proof 361
Causality 365
A Final Word of Caution 371
Glossary 373
Additional Exercises 374
Notes 378
Chapter 13: Making Your Case: Argumentative Composition 379
Awareness and Involvement 380
The Issue Statement 382
Research and the Media 383
The Thesis Statement 392
Argument Design 393
The Presentation 395
Glossary 400
Additional Exercises 400
Notes 401
Appendix: Answers & Hints for Selected Exercises 403
Index 407
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