Critical Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your Professional and Personal Life
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2002 oleh Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey adalah buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Critical Thinking: Tools for Taking Charge of Your
Professional and Personal Life
Oleh: Richard W. Paul dan Linda Elder
Penerbit: Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey
Tahun: 2002
Jumlah Halaman: 378 hal.
Penulis:
Richard W. Paul dan Linda Elder
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini akan membantu meningkatkan kualitas pemikiran Anda, dan karena itu, membantu Anda mencapai tujuan dan ambisi Anda, membuat keputusan yang lebih baik, dan memahami
di mana orang lain mencoba untuk mempengaruhi pemikiran Anda. Ini akan membantu Anda mengambil alih apa yang Anda lakukan dalam kehidupan profesional dan pribadi Anda, bagaimana Anda berhubungan dengan orang lain, dan bahkan emosi apa yang Anda rasakan. Sudah waktunya bagi Anda untuk menemukan kekuatan dan peran berpikir dalam hidup Anda. Anda mampu mencapai tujuan profesional lebih signifikan. Anda dapat menjadi pemecah masalah yang lebih baik. Anda dapat menggunakan daya lebih bijaksana. Anda bisa menjadi kurang tunduk pada manipulasi. Anda dapat hidup lebih penuh, lebih bahagia dan aman dalam kehidupan. Anda untuk membaca, dan progresif mengambil langkah-langkah yang menciptakan bahwa kontrol pribadi dan kekuasaan sebagai reality.
Daftar Isi:
A CKNOWLEDGMENT xvii
PREFACE xix
1 THINKING IN A WORLD OF A CCELERATING CHANGE AND I NTENSIFYING
DANGER 1
The Nature of the Post-Industrial World Order 1
A Complex World of Accelerating Change 1
A Threatening World 2
Change, Danger, and Complexity: Interwoven 3
The Challenge of Becoming Critical Thinkers 5
Recommended Reading 5
2 BECOMING A CRITIC OF YOUR THINKING 7
How Skilled is Your Thinking (Right Now)? 7
Good Thinking Is as Easy as Bad Thinking (But It Requires Hard Work to Develop It) 9
The Hard Cruel World 12
Become a Critic of Your Own Thinking 13
Conclusion 15
3 BECOMING A FAIR MINDED THINKER 17
Weak versus Strong Critical Thinking 17
What Does Fair-Mindedness Require? 21
Intellectual Humility: Having Knowledge of Ignorance 22
Intellectual Courage: Being Willing to Challenge Beliefs 24
Intellectual Empathy: Entertaining Opposing Views 26
Intellectual Integrity: Holding Ourselves to the Same Standards to Which We Hold Others 27
Intellectual Perseverance: Working Through Complexity and Frustration 29
Confidence in Reason: Recognizing that Good Reasoning Has Proven Its Worth 30
Intellectual Autonomy: Being an Independent Thinker 32
Recognizing the Interdependence of Intellectual Virtues 33
Conclusion 35
4 SELF UNDERSTANDING 37
Monitoring the Egocentrism in Your Thought and Life 38
Making a Commitment to Fair-Mindedness 39
Recognizing the Mind’s Three Distinctive Functions 40
Understanding That You Have a Special Relationship to Your Mind 42
5 THE FIRST FOUR STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: WHAT LEVEL THINKER ARE YOU? 47
Stage One: The Unreflective Thinker—Are You an Unreflective Thinker? 48
Stage Two: The Challenged Thinker—Are You Ready to Accept the Challenge? 50
Stage Three: The Beginning Thinker—Are You Willing to Begin? 52
Stage Four: The Practicing Thinker—Good Thinking Can Be Practiced Like Basketball, Tennis, or
Ballet 56
A “Game Plan” for Improvement 57
A Game Plan for Devising a Game Plan 57
6 THE PARTS OF THINKING 65
Reasoning Is Everywhere in Human Life 66
Does Reasoning Have Parts? 67
Beginning to Think About Your Own Reasoning 68
The Elements of Thought: A First Look 69
An Everyday Example: Jack and Jill 73
Analysis of the Example 74
The Elements of Thought in Relationship 75
The Relationship Between the Elements 76
Thinking to Some Purpose 76
Thinking with Concepts 78
Thinking with Information 81
Distinguishing Between Inert Information, Activated Ignorance, and Activated Knowledge 81
Some Key Questions to Ask When Pursuing Information 84
Distinguishing Between Inferences and Assumptions 85
Understanding Implications 91
Thinking Within and Across Points of View 93
Using Critical Thinking to Take Charge of How We See Things 94
The Point of View of the Critical Thinker 96
Conclusion 96
7 THE STANDARDS FOR THINKING 97
Taking a Deeper Look at Universal Intellectual Standards 99
Bringing Together the Elements of Reasoning and the Intellectual Standards 109
Using Intellectual Standards to Assess Your Thinking: Brief Guidelines 118
8 DESIGN YOUR LIFE 129
Fate or Freedom: Which Do You Choose? 129
Recognizing the Dual Logic of Experience 131
Facing Contradictions and Inconsistencies 132
Social Forces, the Mass Media, and Our Experience 134
Reading Backwards 135
Implications for the Design of Your Life 141
9 THE ART OF MAKING INTELLIGENT DECISIONS 143
Thinking Globally About Your Life 144
Evaluating Patterns in Decision-Making 145
“Big” Decisions 146
The Logic of Decision-Making 146
Recognizing the Need for an Important Decision 147
Accurately Recognizing the Alternatives 147
Putting More Time into Your Decision-Making 148
Being Systematic 148
Dealing with One Major Decision at a Time 148
Developing Knowledge of Your Ignorance 149
Dimensions of Decision-Making 149
Regularly Re-Articulate and Reevaluate Your Goals, Purposes, and Needs 150
The Early Decisions 151
Adolescent Decisions 153
Early Adult Decisions 154
Conclusion 155
10 TAKING CHARGE OF YOUR IRRATIONAL TENDENCIES 157
Egocentric Thinking 157
Understanding Egocentric Thinking 160
Understanding Egocentrism as a Mind Within the Mind 161
“Successful” Egocentrism 163
“Unsuccessful” Egocentrism 164
Rational Thinking 167
Two Egocentric Functions 171
Dominating Egocentrism 173
Submissive Egocentrism 176
Pathological Tendencies of the Human Mind 181
Challenging the Pathological Tendencies of the Mind 182
The Challenge of Rationality 183
11 MONITORING YOUR SOCIOCENTRIC TENDENCIES 185
The Nature of Sociocentrism 185
Sociocentric Thinking as Pathology 187
Social Stratification 190
Sociocentric Thinking Is Unconscious and Potentially Dangerous 191
Sociocentric Use of Language in Groups 192
Disclosing Sociocentric Thinking Through Conceptual Analysis 193
Revealing Ideology at Work Through Conceptual Analysis 194
The Mass Media Foster Sociocentric Thinking 195
The Mass Media Play Down Information That Puts the Nation in a Negative Light 200
Freedom from Sociocentric Thought: The Beginnings of Genuine Conscience 201
The Capacity to Recognize Unethical Acts 202
Conclusion 203
12 DEVELOPING AS AN ETHICAL REASONER 205
Why People are Confused About Ethics 206
The Fundamentals of Ethical Reasoning 209
Ethical Concepts and Principles 210
The Universal Nature of Ethical Principles 213
Distinguishing Ethics from Other Domains of Thinking 216
Ethics and Religion 216
Religious Beliefs Are Socially or Culturally Relative 217
Ethics and Social Conventions 218
Practices That Are Socially or Culturally Relative 219
Ethics and the Law 220
Ethics and Sexual Taboos 221
Understanding Our Native Selfishness 227
13 ANALYZING AND EVALUATING THINKING IN CORPORATE AND
ORGANIZATIONAL LIFE 229
Introduction 229
Critical Thinking and Incremental Improvement 230
An Obstacle to Critical Thinking Within Organizations: The Covert Struggle for Power 230
Another Obstacle: Group Definitions of Reality 233
A Third Obstacle: The Problem of Bureaucracy 234
The Problem of Misleading Success 235
Competition, Sound Thinking, and Success 237
Stagnating Organizations and Industries 238
Questioning Organizational Realities 238
Assessing Irrational Thinking in Organizational Life 240
The Power of Sound Thinking 246
Some Personal Implications 247
Conclusion 248
14 THE POWER AND LIMITS OF PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE (AND OF THE
DISCIPLINES THAT UNDERLIE THEM) 251
Professional Fallibility and the Glut of Information 251
The Ideal of Professional Knowledge 252
Who Should We Believe? 253
True and False Loyalty to a Profession 255
The Gap Between Fact and Ideal 256
Assessing A Profession or a Professional Conclusion: Matters of Fact, Matters of Opinion, Matters of
Judgment 257
The Ideal Compared to the Real 261
Professions Based on the Ideal of Mathematics and Abstract Quantification 262
The Pain and Suffering of Those Who Fail 262
Loss of Self-Esteem and Opportunity to Receive Higher Education 263
Low Level of Math Competency of Those Who Pass School Examinations 263
The Ideal of Science: Physics, Chemistry, Astronomy, Geology, and Biology 264
The Ideal of Social Science: History, Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, and Psychology 267
History as an Ideal 269
Sociology as an Ideal 269
Anthropology as an Ideal 270
Economics as an Ideal 270
The Social Sciences as Taught and Practiced 271
The Ideal of the Arts and Humanities: Music, Painting, Sculpture,
Architecture, Dance, Literature, and Philosophy 272
The Promise of the Fine Arts and Literature 272
The Reality of Instruction in the Fine Arts and Literature 272
The Promise of Philosophy 273
The Reality of Philosophy 274
Conclusion 276
15 STRATEGIC THINKING PART ONE 277
Understanding and Using Strategic Thinking 277
Components of Strategic Thinking 279
The Beginnings of Strategic Thinking 280
Key Idea #1: Thoughts, Feelings, and Desires are Interdependent 280
Key Idea #2: There is a Logic to This, and You Can Figure It Out 284
Key Idea #3: For Thinking to Be of High Quality, We Must Routinely Assess it 290
16 STRATEGIC THINKING PART TWO 293
Key Idea #4: Our Native Egocentrism Is a Default Mechanism 293
Key Idea #5: We Must Become Sensitive to the Egocentrism of Those Around Us 297
Key Idea #6: The Mind Tends to Generalize Beyond the Original Experience 299
Key Idea #7: Egocentric Thinking Appears to the Mind as Rational 302
Key Idea #8: The Egocentric Mind Is Automatic in Nature 304
Key Idea #9: We Often Pursue Power Through Dominating or Submissive Behavior 305
Key Idea #10: Humans Are Naturally Sociocentric Animals 307
Key Idea #11: Developing Rationality Requires Work 309
Conclusion 310
GLOSSARY: A GUIDE TO CRITICAL THINKING TERMS AND CONCEPTS 311
REFERENCES 343
Berminat?
Email: zanetapm@gmail.com
0 comments:
Post a Comment