Judul: Criminology Theory and Contexts Second EDition
Oleh: John Tierney
Penerbit: Person-Longman, London
Tahun: 2006
Jumlah Halaman: 417 hal.
Criminology Theory and Contexts Second EDition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2006 Pearson-Longman, London adalah buku edisi Kedua.
Penulis:
JOHN TIERNEY
Lecturer in Criminology, School of Applied Social
Sciences, University of Durham
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini disusun dalam dua tema sentral:
1. sejarah perkembangan kriminologi sebagai disiplin akademis, terutama dalam konteks Inggris.
2. Teori-teori kriminologi utama yang telah muncul sebagai disiplin ilmu yang tumbuh selama abad ini. Ini akan melibatkan gambaran pada pekerjaan teoritis dari negara selain Inggris, khususnya Amerika Serikat.
Materi buku ini atas dasar enam bagian, masing-masing terdiri dari nomor bab.
Bagian I terdiri dari tiga bab. Bab 1 mengidentifikasi beberapa masalah yang terkait dengan mendefinisikan istilah-istilah seperti kejahatan dan penyimpangan. Khususnya, peran kriminologi yang diterima sebagai pemahaman yang masuk akal. Bab 2 mengemukakan diskusi dari beberapa kesulitan yang dihadapi ketika mengukur jumlah dan distribusi kejahatan dalam masyarakat; kesulitan-kesulitan ini dengan keduanya 'teknis' dan 'konseptual'. Bab 3 memperkenalkan dimensi sejarah dengan memeriksa sejarah kriminologi dari abad kesembilan belas sampai Perang Dunia II. Tidak seperti buku, dalam bab ini tema pembangunan kriminologi sebagai disiplin akademis dalam konteks sosial dan politik tertentu, dan tema perkembangan teori kriminologi yang digabungkan.
Dalam Bagian II, III, IV, V dan VI, bagaimanapun, sebagai pengaruh sosiologis mulai muncul,
dua tema ini, untuk tujuan analisis, dipisahkan untuk setiap periode sejarah. Setiap bagian sehingga alamat periode sejarah tertentu. Bab pertama di setiap bagian bertujuan untuk memberikan pengenalan terhadap perubahan sosial dan politik selama periode tersebut, dan dampaknya pada sifat dan organisasi sosial kriminologi sebagai suatu disiplin. Hal ini tidak hanya memungkinkan apresiasi pentingnya ini pengaruh eksternal tetapi, dengan berfokus pada kriminologi sebagai suatu disiplin ilmu, itu menetapkan kerangka kerja di mana pembahasan teori dalam bab-bab berikutnya sebagian yang bisa. Dengan analogi, agak seperti berjalan di atas rumput Wembley dan acclimatising ke stadion sebelum benar-benar bermain di Final Piala. Dimana telah ada 'action tertunda' mengenai pengaruh teori tertentu pada kriminologi Inggris, maka referensi akan dibuat untuk periode-periode sebelumnya.
Daftar Isi Buku:
Preface to the first edition xiii
Preface to the second edition xiv
Introduction 1
The organisation of the book 2
Selecting material 3
Part I Preliminaries and Early History
1 Criminology, crime and deviance: some preliminaries 7
Key themes 7
Good old common sense 7
Setting the scene 8
Criminology 11
Crime 13
Deviance 19
Selected further reading 22
2 Measuring crime and criminality 25
Key themes 25
Official statistics 25
The ‘dark figure’ of crime 27
Public reporting 27
Changes in the law 28
The role of the police 29
Ways of seeing 30
The implications for criminal statistics 32
Victim surveys 32
The usefulness of criminal statistics 40
Local crime surveys and left realism 42
Recent crime trends 44
Selected further reading 44
3 Criminology and criminologists up to World War Two 47
Key themes 47
Tree of sin, tree of knowledge 47
The criminological tree of knowledge: separating the tree from the wood 49
Classicism and positivism 50
Positivist criminology 52
The turn of the century to the 1930s 55
Eugenics 58
Selected further reading 60
Part II World War Two to the Mid-1960s
4 The discipline of criminology and its context – 1 63
Key themes 63
The emergence of criminology 64
Sociological criminology 70
Sociological criminology in Britain from the 1950s to the mid-1960s 72
Sociological criminology in the United States 76
Selected further reading 80
5 Social disorganisation and anomie 81
Key themes 81
The sociology and criminology of Emile Durkheim (1858–1917) 81
The Chicago School 89
Mertonian strain theory 95
Selected further reading 99
6 Strain, subcultures and delinquency 101
Key themes 101
A. K. Cohen: developments in strain theory 101
R. Cloward and L. Ohlin: opportunity knocks 104
Selected further reading 107
7 Criminological theory in Britain 109
Key themes 109
American influences 109
Sociological criminology in Britain 112
Developing a British perspective 115
Cultural diversity theory 115
Schools and the ‘problem of adjustment’ 119
Subcultural theory: taking stock 121
Selected further reading 123
Part III The Mid-1960s to the Early 1970s
8 The discipline of criminology and its context – 2 127
Key themes 127
The development of sociological criminology in Britain 127
The break with orthodoxy: the new deviancy 128
The New Left 134
Radicals and the new deviancy: the impact on British criminology 135
Selected further reading 138
9 New deviancy theory: the interactionist approach to deviance 139
Key themes 139
Labelling theory 140
Learning to become ‘deviant’ 142
Primary and secondary deviation 143
The amplification of deviance 145
Conceptualising deviance 145
Criticisms of the new deviancy 146
Selected further reading 152
Part IV The 1970s
10 The discipline of criminology and its context – 3 157
Key themes 157
Deviance and politics 157
The sociology of law: making laws, making deviants 160
Criminology in the 1970s: other directions 164
Orthodox criminology 168
Radical critiques and the growth of the New Right 170
Selected further reading 175
11 Post-new deviancy and the new criminology 177
Key themes 177
Deviance and power 178
American conflict theory 179
Politicising deviance 182
Critical criminology 183
Marx and Engels on crime 186
Taylor, Walton and Young and the politicisation of deviance 188
Politicising deviance: nuts, sluts, preverts . . . and revolutionaries? 189
Youth subcultures and politics 190
Critical criminology: deviance, crime and power 195
Phenomenology and criminology 202
Ethnomethodology 203
Control theory 204
Feminist perspectives and criminology 209
Selected further reading 212
Part V The 1980s to the Mid-1990s
12 The discipline of criminology and its context – 4 217
Key themes 217
The shift to the right in British politics 218
Criminology’s external history 220
Social organisation 222
The growth of policy-oriented research 224
The nature and context of research 227
Policy-oriented research and the Left 231
Contemporary British criminology 233
Selected further reading 237
13 Criminological theory 239
Key themes 239
Mainstream criminology 239
Longitudinal research and criminal careers 240
The historical roots 250
Feminism and criminology 252
Gender and crime 265
Administrative criminology 271
Right-wing classicism 274
Neo-positivism 276
Radical criminology 279
Critical criminology and left realism 282
Final remarks on this period 288
Winning the fight against crime? 290
Selected further reading 291
Postscript 292
Part VI The Mid-1990s into the New Millennium
14 The discipline of criminology and its context – 5 295
Key themes 295
New Labour, old problems 296
Restorative justice 301
Social policy and New Labour 303
Crime prevention, crime reduction and community safety 303
Crime and criminal justice: the wider context 307
Criminology in the new millennium 311
Selected further reading 314
15 Theorectical perspectives: recent developments 317
Key themes 317
Introduction 317
Postmodernist perspectives 319
Feminist perspectives 323
Perspectives on masculinities 329
Control perspectives 331
Cultural perspectives 334
Critical perspectives 337
Final remarks 352
Selected further reading 352
Postscript 354
References 355
Name index 389
Subject index 399
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