Methods in Behavioral Research (Metode Penelitian Tingkah Laku)
Buku ini diterbitkan pertama kali Tahun 1981 oleh Mayfi eld Publishing Company, Diterbitkan lagi pada tahun 1985, 1989, 1993, 1997, dan tahun 2001. Tahun 2004 diterbitkan lagi oleh McGRaw-Hill, kemudian dicetak lagi tahun 1004, 2007, 2009, dan terakhir tahun 2012 (Edisi 11).
Judul: Methods in Behavioral Research
(Metode Penelitian Tingkah Laku)
Oleh: Paul C. Cozby, etal
Penerbit: McGraw-Hill
Tahun: 2012
Jumlah Halaman: 436 hal.
Pengarang:
Paul C. Cozby adalah Emeritus Professor bidang Psikologi di California State University, Fullerton. Dr Cozby adalah seorang sarjana di University of California, Riverside, dan menerima gelar Ph.D. dalam psikologi dari University of Minnesota. Dia adalah anggota dari American Psychological Association dan anggota Asosiasi untuk Psychological Science; menjabat sebagai pejabat Eksekutif Western Psychological Association. Dia adalah penulis buku Using Computers in the Behavioral Sciences. Ia juga bekerja sebagai editor bersama dengan Daniel Perlman untuk Social Psychology.
Scott C. Bates adalah Anggota Asosiasi Professor Psikologi di Utah State University. Memperoleh gelar B.S. dalam psikologi dari Whitman College, gelar M.S. dalam percobaan psikologi dari Western Washington University, dan Ph.D. dalam psikologi sosial dari Colorado State University. Minat penelitiannya dan pengalaman sangat bervariasi. Dia telah melakukan penelitian di daerah dalam skala luas dalam masalah perilaku remaja dan masalah - pencegahan perilaku, pengajaran, dan pembelajaran pendidikan yang lebih tinggi, serta tentang konsekuensi psikologis.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Edisi kesebelas Metode dalam Behavioral Penelitian telah bermanfaat besar. Fokus dari buku ini tetap konsisten: Penekananya pada opini bahwa metode penelitian dalam pengajaran dan belajar bersifat menantang dan menyenangkan. Buku ini tetap pada penekanan dan konsep komunikasi yang jelas serta menggunakan contoh-contoh yang menarik sebagai prioritas utama.
Buku ini berupaya membantu meningkatkan belajar dengan menjelaskan konsep-konsep penting dalam beberapa konteks. seluruh buku; penelitian menunjukkan bahwa lebih banyak membantu memberikan pemahaman. Buku ini juga menekankan pada kebutuhan untuk mempelajari perilaku dengan menggunakan berbagai pendekatan penelitian. Satu hal penting pada buku ini adalah menyajikan Ilustrasi di sebagian bab: Mahasiswa diminta untuk menemukan dan membaca artikel jurnal spesifik yang terbaru dan menjawab pertanyaan yang membutuhkan penggunaan konsep yang diperkenalkan dalam bab ini.
Daftar Isi:
1 SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR 1
Uses of Research Methods 2
The Scientifi c Approach 3
Goals of Behavioral Science 8
Basic and Applied Research 11
Illustrative Article: Introduction 15
Study Terms 16
Review Questions 16
Activity Questions 17
Answers 17
2 WHERE TO START 18
Hypotheses and Predictions 19
Who We Study: A Note on Terminology 20
Sources of Ideas 20
Library Research 25
Anatomy of a Research Article 35
Study Terms 37
Review Questions 37
Activity Questions 38
3 ETHICAL RESEARCH 39
Milgram’s Obedience Experiment 40
The Belmont Report 41
Assessment of Risks and Benefi ts 41
Informed Consent 44
The Importance of Debriefi ng 48
Alternatives to Deception 49
Justice and the Selection of Participants 51
Researcher Commitments 52
Federal Regulations and the Institutional
Review Board 52
APA Ethics Code 55
Research With Human Participants 56
Ethics and Animal Research 58
Risks and Benefi ts Revisited 60
Misrepresentation: Fraud and Plagiarism 61
Illustrative Article: Ethical Issues 64
Study Terms 65
Review Questions 65
Activity Questions 65
Answers 67
4 FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH ISSUES 68
Validity: An Introduction 69
Variables 69
Operational Defi nitions of Variables 70
Relationships Between Variables 72
Nonexperimental Versus Experimental Methods 77
Independent and Dependent Variables 83
Internal Validity: Inferring Causality 85
External Validity 85
Choosing a Method 86
Evaluating Research: Summary of the Three Validities 90
Illustrative Article: Studying Behavior 91
Study Terms 92
Review Questions 92
Activity Questions 93
Answers 94
5 MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS 95
Reliability of Measures 96
Construct Validity of Measures 101
Reactivity of Measures 105
Variables and Measurement Scales 105
Research on Personality and Individual
Differences 109
Illustrative Article: Measurement Concepts 110
Study Terms 111
Review Questions 111
Activity Questions 111
6 OBSERVATIONAL METHODS 113
Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches 114
Naturalistic Observation 115
Systematic Observation 118
Case Studies 121
Archival Research 122
Illustrative Article: Observational Methods 124
Study Terms 125
Review Questions 125
Activity Questions 126
Answers 127
7 ASKING PEOPLE ABOUT THEMSELVES: SURVEY RESEARCH 128
Why Conduct Surveys? 129
Constructing Questions to Ask 131
Responses to Questions 134
Finalizing the Questionnaire 138
Administering Surveys 139
Survey Designs to Study Changes Over Time 142
Sampling From a Population 143
Sampling Techniques 145
Evaluating Samples 148
Reasons for Using Convenience Samples 150
Illustrative Article: Survey Research 152
Study Terms 153
Review Questions 154
Activity Questions 154
Answers 155
8 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 156
Confounding and Internal Validity 157
Basic Experiments 158
Assigning Participants to Experimental Conditions 163
Independent Groups Design 163
Repeated Measures Design 164
Matched Pairs Design 169
Illustrative Article: Experimental Design 170
Study Terms 171
Review Questions 171
Activity Questions 172
9 CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS 173
Selecting Research Participants 174
Manipulating the Independent Variable 175
Measuring the Dependent Variable 181
Additional Controls 184
Additional Considerations 188
Analyzing and Interpreting Results 191
Communicating Research to Others 191
Illustrative Article: Conducting Experiments 192
Study Terms 193
Review Questions 193
Activity Questions 194
Answers 195
10 COMPLEX EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 196
Increasing the Number of Levels of an
Independent Variable 197
Increasing the Number of Independent Variables:
Factorial Designs 199
Illustrative Article: Complex Experimental Designs 212
Study Terms 212
Review Questions 213
Activity Questions 213
Answers 214
11 SINGLE-CASE, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL, AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH 215
Single-Case Experimental Designs 216
Program Evaluation 220
Quasi-Experimental Designs 222
Developmental Research Designs 231
Illustrative Article: A Quasi-Experiment 235
Study Terms 236
Review Questions 236
Activity Questions 237
12 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: DESCRIPTION AND CORRELATION 239
Scales of Measurement: A Review 240
Analyzing the Results of Research Investigations 241
Frequency Distributions 243
Descriptive Statistics 245
Graphing Relationships 247
Correlation Coeffi cients: Describing the Strength of Relationships 248
Effect Size 252
Regression Equations 253
Multiple Correlation/Regression 254
Partial Correlation and the Third-Variable Problem 256
Structural Equation Modeling 257
Study Terms 259
Review Questions 259
Activity Questions 260
Answers 261
13 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH RESULTS: STATISTICAL INFERENCE 262
Samples and Populations 263
Inferential Statistics 264
Null and Research Hypotheses 264
Probability and Sampling Distributions 265
Example: The t and F Tests 268
Type I and Type II Errors 274
Choosing a Signifi cance Level 277
Interpreting Nonsignifi cant Results 278
Choosing a Sample Size: Power Analysis 279
The Importance of Replications 280
Signifi cance of a Pearson r Correlation Coeffi cient 280
Computer Analysis of Data 281
Selecting the Appropriate Statistical Test 283
Study Terms 284
Review Questions 284
Activity Questions 285
14 GENERALIZING RESULTS 287
Generalizing to Other Populations of Research Participants 288
Cultural Considerations 292
Generalizing to Other Experimenters 294
Pretests and Generalization 294
Generalizing From Laboratory Settings 295
The Importance of Replications 296
Evaluating Generalizations via Literature Reviews and Meta-Analyses 298
Using Research to Improve Lives 300
Illustrative Article: Generalizing Results 301
Study Terms 302
Review Questions 302
Activity Questions 303
APPENDIX A: WRITING RESEARCH REPORTS 304
Introduction 304
Writing Style 305
Organization of the Report 310
The Use of Headings 321
Citing and Referencing Sources 322
Abbreviations 332
Some Grammatical Considerations 333
Reporting Numbers and Statistics 337
Conclusion 338
Paper and Poster Presentations 338
Sample Paper 340
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