Iron Metabolism From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Consequences 3rd Edition
Buku Ini diterbitkan tahun 2009 oleh A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication sebagai buku edisi ke 3.
Judul: Iron Metabolism From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Consequences 3rd Edition
Oleh: Robert Chrichton
Penerbit: A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
Tahun: 2009
Jumlah Halaman: 475 hal.
Penulis:
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Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini terdiri atas 12 Bab. Masing-masing bab dibahas secara rinci dengan pendalaman topic-topik. 12 Bab tersebut meliputi: 1) Solusi Kimia Besi di Biologi Media, 2) Pentingnya Zat Besi terhadap Biologi Sistem, 3) Mikroba Iron Transportasi dan Metabolisme, 4) Iron Serapan oleh Tanaman dan Jamur,
5) Seluler Iron Serapan dan Ekspor di Mamalia, 6) intraselular Iron Penyimpanan dan biomineralization,
7) intraselular Iron Metabolisme dan Seluler Iron Homeostasis, 8) Iron Penyerapan di Mamalia, dengan Referensi khusus untuk Man, dan Peraturan sistemik Iron Balance, 9) Patofisiologi Defisiensi Besi dan Besi Overload di Man, 10) Besi dan Stres oksidatif, 11) Otak Iron Homeostasis dan Its Perturbation di Berbagai Penyakit neurodegeneratif, 12) Interaksi Antara Besi dan Lainnya Logam.
Daftar Isi:
Preface xi
1. Solution Chemistry of Iron in Biological Media 1
1.1 Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Iron 1
1.1.1 Oxygen Free Radicals 2
1.1.2 Iron Hydrolysis – a Ubiquitous Phenomenon 5
1.1.3 Hydrolysis of Iron(III) in Acid Media – Formation of Polynuclear Species 7
1.1.4 Ageing of Amorphous Ferrihydrite to more Crystalline Products 9
1.2 Biomineralisation 10
1.2.1 Magnetite Biomineralisation by Magnetotactic Bacteria 12
References 15
2. The Importance of Iron for Biological Systems 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Physical Techniques for the Study of Iron in Biological Systems 19
2.3 Haemoproteins 24
2.3.1 Oxygen Carriers 24
2.3.2 Activators of Molecular Oxygen 28
2.3.3 Electron Transport Proteins 35
2.4 Iron–Sulfur Proteins 39
2.5 Other Iron Containing Proteins 45
2.5.1 Mononuclear Non-Haem Iron Enzymes 45
2.5.2 Dinuclear Non-Haem Iron Enzymes 50
References 56
3. Microbial Iron Transport and Metabolism 59
3.1 Introduction 59
3.2 Siderophores 63
3.2.1 Iron Transport Across the Outer Membrane in Gram-Negative Bacteria 66
3.2.2 Transport Across the Periplasm and Cytoplasmic Membrane 75
3.2.3 Iron Release from Ferric Siderophores and Ferric Reduction 79
3.2.4 Fe2+ Transport Systems in E. coli 80
3.2.5 Fe3+ Iron Acquisition by Pathogens 80
3.3 Intracellular Iron Metabolism 86
3.4 Control of Gene Expression by Iron 88
References 94
4. Iron Uptake by Plants and Fungi 103
4.1 Iron Acquisition by Plants 103
4.1.1 Introduction 103
4.1.2 Iron Acquisition by the Roots of Plants 105
4.1.3 Long Distance Iron Transport 110
4.1.4 Intracellular Iron Transport 112
4.2 Iron Acquisition by Yeast 118
4.2.1 Introduction – Pathways for Iron Uptake 118
4.2.2 Cell Surface Reductases 119
4.2.3 High Affinity Iron Transport System 120
4.2.4 Low Affinity Ferrous Iron Transport 125
4.2.5 Siderophore-Mediated Iron Uptake 126
4.2.6 Intracellular Iron Metabolism 129
4.2.7 Iron Transport in Other Fungi 130
4.2.8 Regulation of Iron Uptake/Homeostasis in Yeast 131
References 131
5. Cellular Iron Uptake and Export in Mammals 141
5.1 The Transferrins 141
5.2 Structure of Transferrins 143
5.3 Transferrin Iron Binding and Release 146
5.4 Iron Uptake by Mammalian Cells – Uptake of Transferrin Bound Iron 151
5.4.1 The Transferrin Receptor 151
5.4.2 The Transferrin-to-Cell Cycle 155
5.4.3 Transferrin Binding to its Receptor 157
5.5 Cellular Iron Uptake and Export 161
5.5.1 Red Blood Cell Precursors 162
5.5.2 Tissue Macrophages 164
5.5.3 Hepatocytes 167
5.6 Uptake of Iron from Other Sources than Transferrin 168
5.7 Nontransferrin Bound Iron 169
5.8 Ferritin Bound Iron 170
5.9 Haptoglobin and Haemopexin as Iron Transporters 170
References 173
6. Intracellular Iron Storage and Biomineralisation 183
6.1 Intracellular Iron Storage 183
6.1.1 Ferritin: Distribution and Primary Structure 184
6.1.2 Three-Dimensional Structure 186
6.1.3 The Mineral Core 198
6.1.4 Iron Deposition in Ferritin 200
6.1.5 Iron Mobilisation from Ferritin 207
6.1.6 Haemosiderin 209
6.2 Biomineralisation 210
References 215
7. Intracellular Iron Metabolism and Cellular Iron Homeostasis 223
7.1 Intracellular Iron Metabolism 223
7.1.1 The Labile Iron Pool 224
7.1.2 Mitochondrial Iron Uptake and Metabolism 226
7.1.3 Haem Biosynthesis 228
7.1.4 Iron–Sulfur Protein Biogenesis in Eukaryotes 233
7.1.5 Intracellular Haem Degradation – Haem Oxygenase 240
7.2 Cellular Iron Homeostasis 247
7.2.1 Structural Features of IREs 251
7.2.2 Hereditary Hyperferritinaemia Cataract Syndrome 253
7.2.3 Iron Regulatory Protein 1 254
7.2.4 Iron Regulatory Protein 2 259
References 261
8. Iron Absorption in Mammals, with Particular Reference to Man, and Regulation of Systemic
Iron Balance 271
8.1 Iron Metabolism in Man: An Overview 271
8.2 Sources of Dietary Iron in Man and the Importance of Luminal Factors 273
8.3 Iron Losses and Requirements for Absorbed Iron 275
8.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Mucosal Iron Absorption 276
8.4.1 Iron Uptake at the Apical Pole 279
8.4.2 Iron Transfer Across the Mucosal Cell 282
8.4.3 Release of Iron at the Basolateral Membrane and Uptake by Apotransferrin 283
8.5 Regulation of Iron Uptake by the Enterocyte 284
8.6 Regulation of Systemic Iron Balance 285
References 294
9. Pathophysiology of Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload in Man 299
9.1 Introduction: Acquired and Genetic Disorders of Iron Metabolism 299
9.2 Homeostatic Control of the Internal Milieu and Consequences of Its Disruption 300
9.3 Iron Overload Syndromes 303
9.4 Primary Iron Overload, Hereditary Haemochromatosis (HH) 303
9.4.1 HFE Haemochromatosis (Type 1) 304
9.4.2 Other Types of Haemochromatosis 308
9.4.3 Nonhaemochromatotic Primary Iron Overload 311
9.4.4 Treatment of Primary Iron Overload 312
9.5 Secondary Iron Overload 313
9.5.1 Treatment of Secondary Iron Overload 315
9.6 Iron Deficiency and IDA 318
9.6.1 Epidemiology 318
9.6.2 Causes 319
9.6.3 Clinical Stages of Iron Deficiency and Laboratory Diagnosis 320
9.6.4 Treatment of Iron Deficiency 322
9.7 Anaemia of Chronic Disease 324
9.8 Conclusions 324
References 325
10. Iron and Oxidative Stress 335
10.1 Introduction to Free Radicals 335
10.2 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 336
10.3 Cytoprotective Enzymes and Antioxidants 338
10.3.1 Superoxide Dismutase 338
10.3.2 Catalase and Glutathione Peroxidase 340
10.3.3 Glutathione 340
10.3.4 Thioredoxin System 342
10.3.5 Haem Oxygenase 342
10.3.6 Ferritin 343
10.3.7 Low Molecular Weight Antioxidants 343
10.4 Ageing and Cytoprotection 345
10.5 Oxidative Stress 348
10.5.1 NFκB 348
10.5.2 Caspases 350
10.5.3 JNK 353
10.5.4 MAPK Signalling Pathway-amplification Cascade 353
10.6 Cyclin Dependent Kinases 356
10.7 Deregulation of Calcium Homeostasis and Oxidative Stress 357
10.8 Nitric Oxide and Cyclic Guaylate Cyclase 358
10.9 Activation of cAMP Dependent PKA 360
10.10 Importance of Iron, ROS and RNS in Phagocytic Cells 360
10.10.1 Macrophages 360
10.10.2 Glial Cells 364
References 365
11. Brain Iron Homeostasis and Its Perturbation in Various Neurodegenerative Diseases 371
11.1 Introduction 371
11.2 Mechanisms for Iron Transport into Brain 372
11.3 Importance of Iron in the Developing Foetus 376
11.4 Iron Uptake and Turnover Within the Brain 377
11.5 Importance of IRPs in Brain Iron Homeostasis 378
11.6 Brain Iron Speciation 379
11.7 Neurodegenerative Diseases 379
11.7.1 Parkinson’s Disease 381
11.7.2 Alzheimer’s Disease 389
11.7.3 Frederich’s Ataxia 393
11.7.4 Aceruloplasminaemia 395
References 398
12. Interactions Between Iron and Other Metals 403
12.1 Introduction 403
12.2 Interactions Between Iron and Essential Metals 404
12.2.1 Mars and Venus – Iron and Copper 404
12.2.2 Iron and Zinc 414
12.2.3 Iron and Manganese 420
12.2.4 Iron and Cobalt 424
12.3 Iron and Toxic Metals 429
12.3.1 Iron and Aluminium 429
12.3.2 Iron and Lead 432
12.3.3 Iron and Cadmium 434
References 435
Concluding Remarks 445
Index 453
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