The Sun and Space Weather 2nd Edition
Buku diterbitkan Tahun 2007 oleh Springer, The Netherlands adalah buku Edisi Kedua.
Judul: The Sun and Space Weather 2nd Edition
Pengarang: Arnold Hanslmeier
Penerbit: Springer, The Netherlands
Tahun: 2007
Jumlah Halaman: 326 hal.
Author:
Arnold Hanslmeier
University of Graz, Institute of Physics/ IGAM, Austria
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini mencakup topik tentang prakiraan cuaca ruang real-time dan beberapa sumber data cuaca ruang utama. Semua bab telah mengemukakan informasi baru, dengan mempertimbangkan hasil misi satelit baru dan teleskop. Buku ini juga bersumber pada sejumlah besar literatur baru (lebih dari 340 kutipan asli) sehingga pembaca dapat masuk ke rincian lebih lanjut, jika diperlukan dalam bab-bab yang bersangkutan. Dengan buku dapat membantu para ilmuwan serta mahasiswa yang tertarik dalam gambaran atau menemukan sebuah ringkasan dengan referensi untuk masuk lebih dalam ke bidang-bidang khusus.
Selain itu, pada awal semua bab, buku pengantar yang dikutip yang dapat direkomendasikan untuk topik khusus ditujukan. Jumlah kata kunci dalam indeks juga telah sangat ditingkatkan sehingga pembaca dapat menemukan informasi dengan mudah.
Daftar Isi:
Preface xiii
1 Introduction, What is Space Weather? 1
1.1 Definition of Space Weather 1
1.2 The Triggers of Space Weather 2
1.2.1 Examples . 3
1.3 Who are the Users of SpaceWeather? 4
1.4 Organization of the Book 5
2 The Sun a Typical Star 7
2.1 The Sun and Stars 7
2.1.1 Location of the Sun 7
2.1.2 Properties of Stars 8
2.1.3 Stellar Spectra, the Hertzsprung-Russell-Diagram 9
2.1.4 Stellar Evolution 12
2.1.5 Spectral Classes 13
2.2 The Sun 14
2.2.1 Basic Properties 14
2.2.2 Basic Equations 15
2.2.3 Energy Generation in the Sun 16
2.2.4 Convection Zone 18
2.2.5 Model: Internal Structure of the Sun 18
2.3 Observing the Sun 19
2.3.1 General Remarks 19
2.3.2 Examples of Telescopes 20
2.3.3 Some Recent Satellite Missions 23
2.3.4 Solar Polarimetry 26
2.3.5 Solar Radio Astronomy 28
2.4 Neutrinos-Testing the Solar Interior 29
2.4.1 General Properties 29
2.4.2 Solar Neutrinos 30
2.4.3 Solar Neutrino Detectors 31
2.4.4 Testing the Standard Solar Model 33
2.4.5 Solution of the Neutrino Problem 34
2.5 Helioseismology-Solar Oscillations 36
2.5.1 Observations of Oscillations 36
2.5.2 Modes of Oscillations 38
2.5.3 Theory of Solar Oscillations 41
2.5.4 Helioseismology and Internal Rotation 43
3 The Solar Atmosphere and Active Regions 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Phenomena in the Solar Photosphere 48
3.2.1 Radiation Transport 48
3.2.2 Granulation 49
3.2.3 Five Minutes Oscillations 54
3.2.4 Sunspots 55
3.2.5 Photospheric Faculae 62
3.3 The Chromosphere 64
3.3.1 Diagnostics 64
3.3.2 Radiative Transfer in the Chromosphere 65
3.3.3 Chromospheric Heating 68
3.3.4 Chromospheric Network, Supergranulation 70
3.4 Solar Flares 71
3.4.1 General Properties 71
3.4.2 Classification of Solar Flares 73
3.4.3 Where do Flares Occur? 75
3.4.4 Prominences 76
3.5 The Corona 78
3.5.1 Basic Facts 78
3.5.2 Observational Features in the Corona 79
3.5.3 Coronal Mass Ejections, CME 80
3.5.4 Heating of the Corona 82
3.6 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic field 84
3.6.1 Diagnostics of the Solar Wind 84
3.6.2 Solar Wind and Interplanetary Magnetic Fields 87
3.6.3 High Speed Solar Wind 90
3.6.4 Heliospheric Current Sheet 90
3.7 Variations of the Solar Diameter 91
3.7.1 Relation Solar Diameter-Solar Dynamo 91
3.7.2 Ground Based Measurements 93
3.7.3 Satellite Measurements 94
4 MHD and the Solar Dynamo 97
4.1 Solar Magnetohydrodynamics 97
4.1.1 Basic Equations 97
4.1.2 Some Important MHD Effects 100
4.1.3 Magnetic Reconnection 102
4.1.4 Fluid Equations 103
4.1.5 Equation of State 104
4.1.7 Potential Fields 106
4.1.8 3 D Reconstruction of Active Regions 106
4.1.9 Charged Particles in Magnetic Fields 107
4.1.10 MHD Waves 111
4.1.11 Magnetic Fields and Convection 112
4.2 The Solar Dynamo 113
4.2.1 The Solar Dynamo and Observational Features 113
4.2.2 The α − ω Dynamo 113
4.2.3 Mathematical Description 115
4.2.4 Solar Activity Prediction 119
4.3 Stellar Activity 120
4.3.1 Detection and Observation of Stellar Activity 120
4.3.2 Stellar Activity Cycles 121
5 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Climate 123
5.1 The Earth’s Atmosphere 123
5.1.1 Structure of the Atmosphere 123
5.1.2 Composition 125
5.1.3 Paleoclimatology 127
5.1.4 Theory of Milankovich 130
5.1.5 Greenhouseffect . 133
5.1.6 Ozone 134
5.1.7 The Structure of the Higher Atmosphere 137
5.2 Earth’s History and Origin of the Atmosphere 139
5.2.1 History of the Earth 139
5.2.2 Origin of the Atmosphere 140
6 Space Weather and Climate 143
6.1 The Atmosphere’s Response to Solar Irradiation 143
6.1.1 Introduction 143
6.1.2 UV Radiation 145
6.1.3 Energetic particles 145
6.1.4 Thermosphere and Exosphere 146
6.1.5 Mesosphere and Stratosphere 147
6.1.6 Troposphere 149
6.2 The Faint Young Sun 149
6.2.1 Evolution of the Solar Luminosity 149
6.2.2 Pre Main Sequence Sun 150
6.2.3 Albedo Variations 150
6.2.4 The CO2 Geochemical Cycle 152
6.2.5 Effects of the Biota 153
6.2.6 T Tauri and Post T Tauri Phase 154
6.3 Solar Variability 155
6.3.1 Total Solar Irradiance Measurements 156
6.3.2 Long Term Solar Variations 160
6.3.3 Solar Protons 164
6.4 Cosmic Rays 164
6.4.1 Origination of Cosmic Rays 164
6.4.2 The Heliosphere 167
6.4.3 Clouds, Cloud Formation Processes 168
6.5 What Causes the GlobalWarming? 171
7 Space Weather and Radiation Damage 175
7.1 Radiation Damage on Living Organisms 175
7.1.1 Definitions 175
7.1.2 Radiation Damage on DNA 177
7.1.3 DNA Repair 178
7.1.4 Radiation Dose Limits for Astronauts 178
7.1.5 Genetic vs. Somatic Effects 179
7.1.6 The Solar Proton Event in August 1972 180
7.2 Solar UV Radiation Damage 181
7.2.1 General Remarks 181
7.2.2 UV Radiation and Materials 183
7.2.3 Effects on the Skin 184
7.2.4 Effects on the Eye 185
7.2.5 Immune System 185
7.2.6 UV Index 185
7.3 Radiation in Space 186
7.3.1 Space Environment 186
7.3.2 The Extravehicular Mobility Unit 187
7.3.3 Radiation Shielding 188
7.3.4 Radiation Risks of Manned Space Missions 189
8 Magnetosphere, Ionosphere, Space Weather 191
8.1 General Properties 191
8.1.1 The Magnetosphere 191
8.1.2 The Ionosphere 197
8.2 Solar Activity and Magnetosphere 199
8.2.1 Magnetic Storms 202
8.2.2 Particles and Particle Motion 203
8.2.3 Aurora 204
8.2.4 Geomagnetic Indices 207
8.2.5 Solar Indices 209
8.2.6 Navigation Systems 210
8.2.7 Radio Communication 211
8.2.8 Geomagnetically Induced Currents 213
8.2.9 Systems Affected by Solar or Geomagnetic Activity 214
8.2.10 The Global Ionosphere-Thermosphere Model 215
8.3 Satellites 216
8.3.1 Solar Panels 216
8.3.2 Power Sources for Spacecraft 218
8.3.3 Electron Damage to Satellites 220
8.3.4 Single Event Upsets 221
8.3.5 Solar Activity and Satellite Lifetimes 224
8.3.6 Case Study: KOMPSAT1 225
8.3.7 The Atmospheric Model 226
8.3.8 Special Events 229
8.4 SpaceWeather onMoon andMars 230
8.4.1 Spaceweather on Moon 230
8.4.2 Record of Early Earth Evolution 231
8.4.3 Mars 231
9 Real-Time Space Weather and Forecasts 235
9.1 NOAA SpaceWeather Scales 235
9.1.1 Geomagnetic Storms 235
9.1.2 Solar Radiation Storms 237
9.1.3 Scale for Radio Blackouts 238
9.1.4 Summary 240
9.2 TheMain SpaceWeather Sources 240
9.2.1 NOAA Environment Center 241
9.2.2 Solar-Terrestrial Dispatch 241
9.2.3 Australian Space Forecast Centre 242
9.3 SpaceWeather Forecasts 242
10 Asteroids, Comets, Meteroites 245
10.1 Asteroids 245
10.1.1 General Properties 245
10.1.2 Classification of Asteroids 246
10.2 Impacts by Asteroids 246
10.2.1 Potentially Hazardous Asteroids 246
10.2.2 Torino Impact Scale 247
10.2.3 NEOs 248
10.2.4 The Cretaceous-Tertiary Impact 250
10.3 Meteorites 252
10.3.1 General Properties 252
10.3.2 Classification 253
10.3.3 The Leonid Threat 254
10.4 Comets 255
10.4.1 General Properties 255
10.4.2 Cometary Activity 256
10.4.3 Oort Cloud and Kuiper Belt 256
10.4.4 Comets and Meteor Showers 257
11 Space Debris 261
11.1 Number of Space Debris 261
11.1.1 Orbits 261
11.1.2 Number of Objects 262
11.2 Detection of Space Debris 263
11.2.1 Radar Measurements 264
11.2.2 Telescopes 266
11.2.3 Catalogues 266
11.3 Shielding and Risk Assessments 266
11.3.1 Risk Assessments 266
11.3.2 Reentry of Orbital Debris 268
11.3.3 Orbital Debris Protection 268
11.3.4 Space Debris Models 271
11.3.5 Shielding 272
Bibliography 275
Internet 301
List of Tables 303
Index 305
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