Chemistry
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010 Oleh Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, USA adalah buku edisi Kedelapan.
Judul: Chemistry
Oleh: Steven S. Zumdahl, et al
Penerbit: Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, USA
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman: 1189 hal.
Penulis:
Steven S. Zumdahl dan Susan A. Zumdahl
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini meliputi 1) Dasar-dasar Kimia, 2) Atom, Molekul, dan Ion, 3) Stoikiometri, 4) Jenis Reaksi Kimia dan Solusi Stoikiometri, 5) Gas, 6) Kimia Panas, 7) Struktur atom dan Periodisasi. 8) Bonding: Konsp Umum, 9) Kovalen Bonding: Orbital. 10) Benda Cair dan Benda Padat, 11) Properti Solusi, 12) Kimia Kinetika, 13) Kimia Equilibrium, 14) Asam dan Basa, 15) Kesetimbangan Asam-Basa, 16) Kelarutan dan Kesetimbangan Ion Kompleks, 17) Spontanitas, Entropi, dan Energi Bebas, 18) Kimia Elektro, 19) Sifat Elemen, 20) Nukleus: Kimia Inti, 21) Transisi Logam dan Kimia Koordinasi, 22) Organik dan Biologi Molekul.
Daftar Isi:
To the Professor ix
To the Student xv
1 Chemical Foundations 1
1.1 Chemistry: An Overview 3
1.2 The Scientific Method 5
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS A Note-able Achievement 7
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Critical Units! 8
1.3 Units of Measurement 9
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 11
1.5 Significant Figures and Calculations 14
1.6 Dimensional Analysis 17
1.7 Temperature 21
1.8 Density 24
1.9 Classification of Matter 26
For Review 29 _ Key Terms 29 _ Questions and Exercises 31
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 39
2.1 The Early History of Chemistry 40
2.2 Fundamental Chemical Laws 41
2.3 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 44
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon 46
2.4 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 47
2.5 The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction 50
2.6 Molecules and Ions 52
2.7 An Introduction to the Periodic Table 54
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Hassium Fits Right in 56
2.8 Naming Simple Compounds 57
For Review 67 _ Key Terms 67 _ Questions and Exercises 69
3 Stoichiometry 76
3.1 Counting by Weighing 77
3.2 Atomic Masses 78
3.3 The Mole 81
3.4 Molar Mass 84
3.5 Learning to Solve Problems 87
3.6 Percent Composition of Compounds 88
3.7 Determining the Formula of a Compound 90
3.8 Chemical Equations 97
3.9 Balancing Chemical Equations 99
3.10 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products 102
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS High Mountains—Low Octane 103
3.11 The Concept of Limiting Reagent 107
For Review 115 _ Key Terms 115 _ Questions and Exercises 117
4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 129
4.1 Water, the Common Solvent 130
4.2 The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 132
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arrhenius: A Man with Solutions 135
4.3 The Composition of Solutions 136
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Tiny Laboratories 143
4.4 Types of Chemical Reactions 144
4.5 Precipitation Reactions 145
4.6 Describing Reactions in Solution 150
4.7 Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions 151
4.8 Acid–Base Reactions 154
4.9 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 161
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Iron Zeroes in on Pollution 162
4.10 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 166
For Review 169 _ Key Terms 169 _ Questions and Exercises 171
5 Gases 180
5.1 Pressure 181
5.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro 183
5.3 The Ideal Gas Law 189
5.4 Gas Stoichiometry 194
5.5 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 199
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Separating Gases 201
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Air Bags 202
5.6 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 205
5.7 Effusion and Diffusion 212
5.8 Real Gases 214
5.9 Characteristics of Several Real Gases 217
5.10 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 217
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Acid Rain: An Expensive Problem 218
For Review 221 _ Key Terms 221 _ Questions and Exercises 223
6 Thermochemistry 235
6.1 The Nature of Energy 236
6.2 Enthalpy and Calorimetry 243
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nature Has Hot Plants 246
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Firewalking: Magic or Science? 250
6.3 Hess’s Law 251
6.4 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 255
6.5 Present Sources of Energy 262
6.6 New Energy Sources 265
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Farming the Wind 267
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Veggie Gasoline? 272
For Review 273 _ Key Terms 273 _ Questions and Exercises 275
7 Atomic Structure and Periodicity 284
7.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 285
7.2 The Nature of Matter 287
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemistry That Doesn’t Leave You in the Dark 290
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Thin Is In 292
7.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 294
7.4 The Bohr Model 295
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fireworks 298
7.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 300
7.6 Quantum Numbers 303
7.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies 305
7.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle 306
7.9 Polyelectronic Atoms 308
7.10 The History of the Periodic Table 309
7.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table 312
7.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 318
7.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals 323
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Potassium—Too Much of a Good Thing Can Kill You 326
For Review 327 _ Key Terms 327 _ Questions and Exercises 329
8 Bonding: General Concepts 339
8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 341
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS No Lead Pencils 343
8.2 Electronegativity 344
8.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 346
8.4 Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 350
8.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 353
8.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds 357
8.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model 358
8.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions 361
8.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model 364
8.10 Lewis Structures 365
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrogen Under Pressure 369
8.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 369
8.12 Resonance 373
8.13 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 378
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemical Structure and Communication:
Semiochemicals 388
For Review 391 _ Key Terms 391 _ Questions and Exercises 392
9 Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 403
9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model 404
9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model 416
9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 419
9.4 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 425
9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models 426
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 427
For Review 429 _ Key Terms 429 _ Questions and Exercises 430
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 427
For Review 429 _ Key Terms 429 _ Questions and Exercises 430
10 Liquids and Solids 438
10.1 Intermolecular Forces 440
10.2 The Liquid State 443
10.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of Solids 445
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Smart Fluids 448
10.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals 451
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Closest Packing of M & Ms 454
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What Sank the Titanic? 457
10.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids 457
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Transistors and Printed Circuits 464
10.6 Molecular Solids 466
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Explosive Sniffer 467
10.7 Ionic Solids 468
10.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State 471
10.9 Phase Diagrams 479
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother
Nature 482
For Review 484 _ Key Terms 484 _ Questions and Exercises 486
11 Properties of Solutions 497
11.1 Solution Composition 498
11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation 501
11.3 Factors Affecting Solubility 504
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Ionic Liquids? 506
11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions 509
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Lake Nyos Tragedy 510
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Spray Power 512
11.5 Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 516
11.6 Osmotic Pressure 520
11.7 Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 524
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Drink of Champions—Water 526
11.8 Colloids 526
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Organisms and Ice Formation 528
For Review 528 _ Key Terms 528 _ Questions and Exercises 530
12 Chemical Kinetics 539
12.1 Reaction Rates 540
12.2 Rate Laws: An Introduction 545
12.3 Determining the Form of the Rate Law 547
12.4 The Integrated Rate Law 551
12.5 Reaction Mechanisms 562
12.6 A Model for Chemical Kinetics 565
12.7 Catalysis 570
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Automobiles: Air Purifiers? 573
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Enzymes: Nature’s Catalysts 574
For Review 577 _ Key Terms 577 _ Questions and Exercises 580
13 Chemical Equilibrium 593
13.1 The Equilibrium Condition 594
13.2 The Equilibrium Constant 597
13.3 Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures 601
13.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria 604
13.5 Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 606
13.6 Solving Equilibrium Problems 615
13.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle 620
For Review 626 _ Key Terms 626 _ Questions and Exercises 628
14 Acids and Bases 638
14.1 The Nature of Acids and Bases 639
14.2 Acid Strength 642
14.3 The pH Scale 647
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arnold Beckman, Man of Science 648
14.4 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 650
14.5 Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions 652
14.6 Bases 661
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Amines 664
14.7 Polyprotic Acids 666
14.8 Acid–Base Properties of Salts 671
14.9 The Effect of Structure on Acid–Base Properties 677
14.10 Acid–Base Properties of Oxides 679
14.11 The Lewis Acid–Base Model 679
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Self-Destructing Paper 682
14.12 Strategy for Solving Acid–Base Problems:
A Summary 683
For Review 684 _ Key Terms 684 _ Questions and Exercises 688
15 Acid–Base Equilibria 697
15.1 Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion 698
15.2 Buffered Solutions 701
15.3 Buffering Capacity 710
15.4 Titrations and pH Curves 713
15.5 Acid–Base Indicators 728
For Review 734 _ Key Terms 734 _ Questions and Exercises 736
16 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria 743
16.1 Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product 744
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Teeth 748
16.2 Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis 752
16.3 Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 759
For Review 764 _ Key Terms 764 _ Questions and Exercises 766
17 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 772
17.1 Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 773
17.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics 779
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Entropy: An Organizing Force? 780
17.3 The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity 780
17.4 Free Energy 783
17.5 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 786
17.6 Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 790
17.7 The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure 794
17.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium 798
17.9 Free Energy and Work 802
For Review 804 _ Key Terms 804 _ Questions and Exercises 807
18 Electrochemistry 816
18.1 Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 817
18.2 Galvanic Cells 823
18.3 Standard Reduction Potentials 826
18.4 Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy 833
18.5 Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration 836
18.6 Batteries 842
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fuel Cells: Portable Energy 844
18.7 Corrosion 845
18.8 Electrolysis 847
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure 852
18.9 Commercial Electrolytic Processes 852
For Review 858 _ Key Terms 858 _ Questions and Exercises 861
19 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View 872
19.1 Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay 873
19.2 The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 878
19.3 Nuclear Transformations 881
19.4 Detection and Uses of Radioactivity 883
19.5 Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus 887
19.6 Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 890
19.7 Effects of Radiation 895
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Future Nuclear Power 893
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nuclear Physics: An Introduction 896
For Review 899 _ Key Terms 899 _ Questions and Exercises 901
20 The Representative Elements 907
20.1 A Survey of the Representative Elements 908
20.2 The Group 1A Elements 912
20.3 The Chemistry of Hydrogen 914
20.4 The Group 2A Elements 916
20.5 The Group 3A Elements 918
20.6 The Group 4A Elements 919
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Beethoven: Hair Is the Story 921
20.7 The Group 5A Elements 922
20.8 The Chemistry of Nitrogen 923
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels Whipped
Cream and Cars 929
20.9 The Chemistry of Phosphorus 930
20.10 The Group 6A Elements 932
20.11 The Chemistry of Oxygen 933
20.12 The Chemistry of Sulfur 934
20.13 The Group 7A Elements 937
20.14 The Group 8A Elements 940
For Review 942 _ Key Terms 942 _ Questions and Exercises 945
21 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry 953
21.1 The Transition Metals: A Survey 954
21.2 The First-Row Transition Metals 959
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Titanium Dioxide—Miracle Coating 961
21.3 Coordination Compounds 964
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Alfred Werner: Coordination Chemist 968
21.4 Isomerism 969
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Importance of Being cis 972
21.5 Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model 974
21.6 The Crystal Field Model 976
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Transition Metal Ions Lend Color to Gems 979
21.7 The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes 982
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Supercharged Blood 986
21.8 Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production 986
For Review 995 _ Key Terms 995 _ Questions and Exercises 997
22 Organic and Biological Molecules 1005
22.1 Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons 1006
22.2 Alkenes and Alkynes 1014
22.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1017
22.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1019
22.5 Polymers 1026
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Wallace Hume Carothers 1027
22.6 Natural Polymers 1033
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Tanning in the Shade 1040
For Review 1048 _ Key Terms 1048 _ Questions and Exercises 1052
Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures A1
A1.1 Exponential Notation A1
A1.2 Logarithms A4
A1.3 Graphing Functions A6
A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations A7
A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements A10
Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model A13
Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis A16
Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data A19
Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials A22
A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic Acids A22
A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids A23
A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases A23
A5.4 Ksp Values at 25_C for Common Ionic Solids A24
A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25_C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions A25
Appendix 6 SI Units and Conversion Factors A26
Glossary A27
Photo Credits A39
Answers to Selected Exercises A41
Index A72
Berminat?
Email: zanetapm@gmail.com
0 comments:
Post a Comment