Wednesday, July 29, 2015

Chemistry







Chemistry
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010  Oleh  Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, USA adalah buku edisi Kedelapan.


Judul:  Chemistry
Oleh:  Steven S. Zumdahl, et al
Penerbit:   Brooks Cole, a part of Cengage Learning, USA
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman:  1189  hal.


Penulis:

Steven S. Zumdahl
dan  Susan A. Zumdahl

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini meliputi  1) Dasar-dasar Kimia, 2) Atom, Molekul, dan Ion, 3) Stoikiometri, 4) Jenis Reaksi Kimia dan Solusi Stoikiometri, 5) Gas, 6) Kimia Panas, 7) Struktur atom dan Periodisasi. 8) Bonding: Konsp Umum, 9) Kovalen Bonding: Orbital. 10)  Benda Cair dan Benda Padat, 11) Properti Solusi, 12)  Kimia Kinetika, 13) Kimia Equilibrium, 14) Asam dan Basa, 15) Kesetimbangan Asam-Basa,  16)  Kelarutan dan Kesetimbangan Ion Kompleks, 17) Spontanitas, Entropi, dan Energi  Bebas,  18) Kimia Elektro, 19) Sifat Elemen, 20) Nukleus: Kimia Inti, 21)  Transisi Logam dan Kimia Koordinasi, 22) Organik dan Biologi Molekul.


Daftar Isi:

 

To the Professor ix
To the Student xv
1  Chemical Foundations 1
    1.1     Chemistry: An Overview 3
    1.2     The Scientific Method 5
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS A Note-able Achievement 7
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Critical Units! 8
    1.3     Units of Measurement 9
    1.4     Uncertainty in Measurement 11
    1.5     Significant Figures and Calculations 14
    1.6     Dimensional Analysis 17
    1.7     Temperature 21
    1.8     Density 24
    1.9     Classification of Matter 26
              For Review 29 _ Key Terms 29 _ Questions and Exercises 31

2  Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 39
    2.1     The Early History of Chemistry 40
    2.2     Fundamental Chemical Laws 41
    2.3     Dalton’s Atomic Theory 44
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Berzelius, Selenium, and Silicon 46
    2.4     Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 47
    2.5     The Modern View of Atomic Structure: An Introduction 50
    2.6     Molecules and Ions 52
    2.7     An Introduction to the Periodic Table 54
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Hassium Fits Right in 56
    2.8     Naming Simple Compounds 57
              For Review 67 _ Key Terms 67 _ Questions and Exercises 69

3  Stoichiometry 76
    3.1     Counting by Weighing 77
    3.2     Atomic Masses 78
    3.3     The Mole 81
    3.4     Molar Mass 84
    3.5     Learning to Solve Problems 87
    3.6     Percent Composition of Compounds 88
    3.7     Determining the Formula of a Compound 90
    3.8     Chemical Equations 97
    3.9     Balancing Chemical Equations 99
    3.10   Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products 102
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS High Mountains—Low Octane 103
    3.11   The Concept of Limiting Reagent 107
              For Review 115 _ Key Terms 115 _ Questions and  Exercises 117

4  Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 129
    4.1     Water, the Common Solvent 130
    4.2     The Nature of Aqueous Solutions: Strong and Weak Electrolytes 132
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arrhenius: A Man with Solutions 135
    4.3     The Composition of Solutions 136
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Tiny Laboratories 143
    4.4     Types of Chemical Reactions 144
    4.5     Precipitation Reactions 145
    4.6     Describing Reactions in Solution 150
    4.7     Stoichiometry of Precipitation Reactions 151
    4.8     Acid–Base Reactions 154
    4.9     Oxidation–Reduction Reactions 161
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Iron Zeroes in on Pollution 162
    4.10   Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 166
              For Review 169 _ Key Terms 169 _ Questions and Exercises 171

5  Gases 180
    5.1     Pressure 181
    5.2     The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro 183
    5.3     The Ideal Gas Law 189
    5.4     Gas Stoichiometry 194
    5.5     Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 199
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Separating Gases 201
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Air  Bags 202
    5.6     The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 205
    5.7     Effusion and Diffusion 212
    5.8     Real Gases 214
    5.9     Characteristics of Several Real Gases 217
    5.10   Chemistry in the Atmosphere 217
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Acid Rain: An Expensive Problem 218
              For Review 221 _ Key Terms 221 _ Questions and  Exercises 223

6  Thermochemistry 235
    6.1     The Nature of Energy 236
    6.2     Enthalpy and Calorimetry 243
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nature Has Hot  Plants 246
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Firewalking: Magic or Science? 250
    6.3     Hess’s Law 251
    6.4     Standard Enthalpies of Formation 255
    6.5     Present Sources of Energy 262
    6.6     New Energy Sources 265
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Farming the Wind 267
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Veggie Gasoline? 272
              For Review 273 _ Key Terms 273 _ Questions and Exercises 275

7  Atomic Structure and Periodicity 284
    7.1     Electromagnetic Radiation 285
    7.2     The Nature of Matter 287
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemistry That Doesn’t Leave You in the Dark 290
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Thin Is In 292
    7.3     The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 294
    7.4     The Bohr Model 295
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fireworks 298
    7.5     The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 300
    7.6     Quantum Numbers 303
    7.7     Orbital Shapes and Energies 305
    7.8     Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle 306
    7.9     Polyelectronic Atoms 308
    7.10   The History of the Periodic Table 309
    7.11   The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table 312
    7.12   Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 318
    7.13   The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals 323
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Potassium—Too Much of a Good Thing Can Kill You 326
              For Review 327 _ Key Terms 327 _ Questions and Exercises 329

8  Bonding: General Concepts 339
    8.1     Types of Chemical Bonds 341
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS No Lead Pencils 343
    8.2     Electronegativity 344
    8.3     Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 346
    8.4     Ions: Electron Configurations and Sizes 350
    8.5     Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 353
    8.6     Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds 357
    8.7     The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model 358
    8.8     Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical Reactions 361
    8.9     The Localized Electron Bonding Model 364
    8.10   Lewis Structures 365
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrogen Under Pressure 369
    8.11   Exceptions to the Octet Rule 369
    8.12   Resonance 373
    8.13   Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 378
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemical Structure and Communication:
              Semiochemicals 388
              For Review 391 _ Key Terms 391 _ Questions and  Exercises 392

9  Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 403
    9.1     Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model 404
    9.2     The Molecular Orbital Model 416
    9.3     Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 419
    9.4     Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 425
    9.5     Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models 426
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 427
              For Review 429 _ Key Terms 429 _ Questions and  Exercises 430
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 427
              For Review 429 _ Key Terms 429 _ Questions and Exercises 430

10 Liquids and Solids 438
    10.1     Intermolecular Forces 440
    10.2     The Liquid State 443
    10.3     An Introduction to Structures and Types of  Solids 445
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Smart Fluids 448
    10.4     Structure and Bonding in Metals 451
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Closest Packing of M & Ms 454
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What Sank the Titanic? 457
    10.5     Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids 457
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Transistors and Printed Circuits 464
    10.6     Molecular Solids 466
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Explosive Sniffer 467
    10.7     Ionic Solids 468
    10.8     Vapor Pressure and Changes of State 471
    10.9     Phase Diagrams 479
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Making Diamonds at Low Pressures: Fooling Mother
                Nature 482
                For Review 484 _ Key Terms 484 _ Questions and Exercises 486

11  Properties of Solutions 497
    11.1     Solution Composition 498
    11.2     The Energies of Solution Formation 501
    11.3     Factors Affecting Solubility 504
               CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Ionic Liquids? 506
    11.4    The Vapor Pressures of Solutions 509
               CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Lake Nyos  Tragedy 510
               CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Spray Power 512
    11.5     Boiling-Point Elevation and Freezing-Point Depression 516
    11.6     Osmotic Pressure 520
    11.7     Colligative Properties of Electrolyte Solutions 524
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Drink of Champions—Water 526
    11.8     Colloids 526
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Organisms and Ice Formation 528
                For Review 528 _ Key Terms 528 _ Questions and Exercises 530

12 Chemical Kinetics 539
    12.1     Reaction Rates 540
    12.2     Rate Laws: An Introduction 545
    12.3     Determining the Form of the Rate Law 547
    12.4     The Integrated Rate Law 551
    12.5     Reaction Mechanisms 562
    12.6     A Model for Chemical Kinetics 565
    12.7     Catalysis 570
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Automobiles: Air Purifiers? 573
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Enzymes: Nature’s  Catalysts 574
                For Review 577 _ Key Terms 577 _ Questions and  Exercises 580

13 Chemical Equilibrium 593
    13.1     The Equilibrium Condition 594
    13.2     The Equilibrium Constant 597
    13.3     Equilibrium Expressions Involving Pressures 601
    13.4     Heterogeneous Equilibria 604
    13.5     Applications of the Equilibrium Constant 606
    13.6     Solving Equilibrium Problems 615
    13.7     Le Châtelier’s Principle 620
                For Review 626 _ Key Terms 626 _ Questions and  Exercises 628

14 Acids and Bases 638
    14.1     The Nature of Acids and Bases 639
    14.2     Acid Strength 642
    14.3     The pH Scale 647
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Arnold Beckman, Man of Science 648
    14.4     Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 650
    14.5     Calculating the pH of Weak Acid Solutions 652
    14.6     Bases 661
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Amines 664
    14.7     Polyprotic Acids 666
    14.8     Acid–Base Properties of Salts 671
    14.9     The Effect of Structure on Acid–Base Properties 677
    14.10   Acid–Base Properties of Oxides 679
    14.11   The Lewis Acid–Base Model 679
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Self-Destructing Paper 682
    14.12   Strategy for Solving Acid–Base Problems:
                A Summary 683
                For Review 684 _ Key Terms 684 _ Questions and Exercises 688

15 Acid–Base Equilibria 697
    15.1     Solutions of Acids or Bases Containing a Common Ion 698
    15.2     Buffered Solutions 701
    15.3     Buffering Capacity 710
    15.4     Titrations and pH Curves 713
    15.5     Acid–Base Indicators 728
                For Review 734 _ Key Terms 734 _ Questions and Exercises 736

16 Solubility and Complex Ion Equilibria 743
    16.1     Solubility Equilibria and the Solubility Product 744
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of  Teeth 748
    16.2     Precipitation and Qualitative Analysis 752
    16.3     Equilibria Involving Complex Ions 759
                For Review 764 _ Key Terms 764 _ Questions and  Exercises 766

17 Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy 772
    17.1     Spontaneous Processes and Entropy 773
    17.2     Entropy and the Second Law of  Thermodynamics 779
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Entropy: An Organizing  Force? 780
    17.3     The Effect of Temperature on Spontaneity 780
    17.4     Free Energy 783
    17.5     Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions 786
    17.6     Free Energy and Chemical Reactions 790
    17.7     The Dependence of Free Energy on Pressure 794
    17.8     Free Energy and Equilibrium 798
    17.9     Free Energy and Work 802
                For Review 804 _ Key Terms 804 _ Questions and  Exercises 807

18 Electrochemistry 816
    18.1     Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Equations 817
    18.2     Galvanic Cells 823
    18.3     Standard Reduction Potentials 826
    18.4     Cell Potential, Electrical Work, and Free Energy 833
    18.5     Dependence of Cell Potential on Concentration 836
    18.6     Batteries 842
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fuel Cells: Portable Energy 844
    18.7     Corrosion 845
    18.8     Electrolysis 847
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Sunken Treasure 852
    18.9     Commercial Electrolytic Processes 852
                For Review 858 _ Key Terms 858 _ Questions and Exercises 861

19 The Nucleus: A Chemist’s View 872
    19.1     Nuclear Stability and Radioactive Decay 873
    19.2     The Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 878
    19.3     Nuclear Transformations 881
    19.4     Detection and Uses of Radioactivity 883
    19.5     Thermodynamic Stability of the Nucleus 887
    19.6     Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion 890
    19.7     Effects of Radiation 895
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Future Nuclear  Power 893
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nuclear Physics: An Introduction 896
                For Review 899 _ Key Terms 899 _ Questions and  Exercises 901

20 The Representative Elements 907
    20.1     A Survey of the Representative Elements 908
    20.2     The Group 1A Elements 912
    20.3     The Chemistry of Hydrogen 914
    20.4     The Group 2A Elements 916
    20.5     The Group 3A Elements 918
    20.6     The Group 4A Elements 919
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Beethoven: Hair Is the Story 921
    20.7     The Group 5A Elements 922
    20.8     The Chemistry of Nitrogen 923
                CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrous Oxide: Laughing Gas That Propels Whipped
                Cream and Cars 929
    20.9     The Chemistry of Phosphorus 930
    20.10   The Group 6A Elements 932
    20.11   The Chemistry of Oxygen 933
    20.12   The Chemistry of Sulfur 934
    20.13   The Group 7A Elements 937
    20.14   The Group 8A Elements 940
                 For Review 942 _ Key Terms 942 _ Questions and  Exercises 945

21 Transition Metals and  Coordination Chemistry 953
    21.1   The Transition Metals: A Survey 954
    21.2   The First-Row Transition Metals 959
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Titanium Dioxide—Miracle Coating 961
    21.3   Coordination Compounds 964
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Alfred Werner:  Coordination Chemist 968
    21.4   Isomerism 969
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Importance of Being cis 972
    21.5   Bonding in Complex Ions: The Localized Electron Model 974
    21.6   The Crystal Field Model 976
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Transition Metal Ions Lend  Color to Gems 979
    21.7   The Biologic Importance of Coordination Complexes 982
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Supercharged Blood 986
    21.8   Metallurgy and Iron and Steel Production 986
              For Review 995 _ Key Terms 995 _ Questions and Exercises 997

22 Organic and Biological Molecules 1005
    22.1   Alkanes: Saturated Hydrocarbons 1006
    22.2   Alkenes and Alkynes 1014
    22.3   Aromatic Hydrocarbons 1017
    22.4   Hydrocarbon Derivatives 1019
    22.5   Polymers 1026
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Wallace Hume Carothers 1027
    22.6   Natural Polymers 1033
              CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Tanning in the Shade 1040
              For Review 1048 _ Key Terms 1048 _ Questions and Exercises 1052

Appendix 1 Mathematical Procedures A1
    A1.1 Exponential Notation A1
    A1.2 Logarithms A4
    A1.3 Graphing Functions A6
    A1.4 Solving Quadratic Equations A7
    A1.5 Uncertainties in Measurements A10
Appendix 2 The Quantitative Kinetic Molecular Model A13
Appendix 3 Spectral Analysis A16
Appendix 4 Selected Thermodynamic Data A19
Appendix 5 Equilibrium Constants and Reduction Potentials A22

    A5.1 Values of Ka for Some Common Monoprotic  Acids A22
    A5.2 Stepwise Dissociation Constants for Several Common Polyprotic Acids A23
    A5.3 Values of Kb for Some Common Weak Bases A23
    A5.4 Ksp Values at 25_C for Common Ionic Solids A24
    A5.5 Standard Reduction Potentials at 25_C (298K) for Many Common Half-Reactions A25
Appendix 6 SI Units and Conversion Factors A26
Glossary A27
Photo Credits A39
Answers to Selected Exercises A41
Index A72



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