Fundamental Astronomy Fifth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2003 oleh Springer Berlin Heidelberg adalah buku edisi Kelima.
Judul: Fundamental Astronomy Fifth Edition
Oleh: H. Karttunen, et al
Penerbit: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Tahun: 2003
Jumlah Halaman: 507 hal.
Penulis:
Dr. Hannu Karttunen
University of Turku, Tuorla Observatory,
21500 Piikkio, Finland
e-mail: hannu.karttunen@utu.fi
Dr. Pekka Kroger
Isonniitynkatu 9 C 9, 00520 Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: pekka.kroger@stadia.fi
Dr. Heikki Oja
Observatory, University of Helsinki,
Tahtitorninmaki (PO Box 14), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: heikki.oja@helsinki.fi
Dr. Markku Poutanen
Finnish Geodetic Institute,
Dept. Geodesy and Geodynamics,
Geodeetinrinne 2, 02430 Masala, Finland
e-mail: markku.poutanen@fgi.fi
Dr. Karl Johan Donner
Observatory, University of Helsinki,
Tahtitorninmaki (PO Box 14), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
e-mail: donner@astro.helsinki.fi
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini membahas satu hal yang mendasar tentang astronomi. Dikemukakan bahwa astronomi telah berkembang pesat selama beberapa tahun terakhir, dan hanya beberapa bab dari buku ini telah
dimodifikasi. Kosmologi telah berubah sangat cepat dari spekulasi untuk ilmu empiris yang tepat dan
Proses ini terjadi ketika buku edisi sebelumnya disusun. Pada edisi ini bab tentang masalah extragalactic dan kosmologis telah diperluas dan banyak revisi dan penambahan untuk bab-bab tentang Bima Sakti, galaksi, dan kosmologi.
Buku ini juga mengemukakan bahwa bab tata surya telah direstrukturisasi dan sebagain ditulis ualng sesuai dengan ketentuan International Astronomical Union. Selama dekade terakhir, banyak exoplanets baru juga telah telah ditemukan dan ini adalah salah satu alasan untuk peningkatan kepentingan dalam newbranch ilmu - astrobiologi, yang sekarang memiliki babak baru sendiri.
Selain itu, beberapa bab lainnya mengandung lebih kecil revisi dan banyak gambar sebelumnya telah
diganti dengan yang baru.
Daftar Isi:
1. Introduction 1.1 The Role of Astronomy 3
1.2 Astronomical Objects of Research 4
1.3 The Scale of the Universe 8
2. Spherical Astronomy 2.1 Spherical Trigonometry 11
2.2 The Earth 14
2.3 The Celestial Sphere 16
2.4 The Horizontal System 16
2.5 The Equatorial System 17
2.6 Rising and Setting Times 20
2.7 The Ecliptic System 20
2.8 The Galactic Coordinates 21
2.9 Perturbations of Coordinates 21
2.10 Positional Astronomy 25
2.11 Constellations 29
2.12 Star Catalogues and Maps 30
2.13 Sidereal and Solar Time 32
2.14 Astronomical Time Systems 34
2.15 Calendars 38
2.16 Examples 41
2.17 Exercises 45
3. Observations and Instruments
3.1 Observing Through the Atmosphere 47
3.2 Optical Telescopes 49
3.3 Detectors and Instruments 64
3.4 Radio Telescopes 69
3.5 Other Wavelength Regions 76
3.6 Other Forms of Energy 79
3.7 Examples 82
3.8 Exercises 82
4. Photometric Concepts and Magnitudes
4.1 Intensity, Flux Density and Luminosity 83
4.2 Apparent Magnitudes 85
4.3 Magnitude Systems 86
4.4 Absolute Magnitudes 88
4.5 Extinction and Optical Thickness 88
4.6 Examples 91
4.7 Exercises 93
5. Radiation Mechanisms
5.1 Radiation of Atoms and Molecules 95
5.2 The Hydrogen Atom 97
5.3 Line Profiles 99
5.4 Quantum Numbers, Selection Rules, Population Numbers 100
5.5 Molecular Spectra 102
5.6 Continuous Spectra 102
5.7 Blackbody Radiation 103
5.8 Temperatures 105
5.9 Other Radiation Mechanisms 107
5.10 Radiative Transfer 108
5.11 Examples 109
5.12 Exercises 111
6. Celestial Mechanics 6.1 Equations of Motion 113
6.2 Solution of the Equation of Motion 114
6.3 Equation of the Orbit and Kepler’s First Law 116
6.4 Orbital Elements 116
6.5 Kepler’s Second and Third Law 118
6.6 Systems of Several Bodies 120
6.7 Orbit Determination 121
6.8 Position in the Orbit 121
6.9 Escape Velocity 123
6.10 Virial Theorem 124
6.11 The Jeans Limit 125
6.12 Examples 126
6.13 Exercises 129
7. The Solar System
7.1 Planetary Configurations 133
7.2 Orbit of the Earth and Visibility of the Sun 134
7.3 The Orbit of theMoon 135
7.4 Eclipses and Occultations 138
7.5 The Structure and Surfaces of Planets 140
7.6 Atmospheres and Magnetospheres 144
7.7 Albedos 149
7.8 Photometry, Polarimetry and Spectroscopy 151
7.9 Thermal Radiation of the Planets 155
7.10 Mercury 155
7.11 Venus 158
7.12 The Earth and theMoon 161
7.13 Mars 168
7.14 Jupiter 171
7.15 Saturn 178
7.16 Uranus and Neptune 181
7.17 Minor Bodies of the Solar System 186
7.18 Origin of the Solar System 197
7.19 Examples 201
7.20 Exercises 204
8. Stellar Spectra
8.1 Measuring Spectra 207
8.2 The Harvard Spectral Classification 209
8.3 The Yerkes Spectral Classification 212
8.4 Peculiar Spectra 213
8.5 The Hertzsprung--Russell Diagram 215
8.6 Model Atmospheres 216
8.7 What Do the Observations Tell Us? 217
8.8 Exercise 219
9. Binary Stars and Stellar Masses
9.1 Visual Binaries 222
9.2 Astrometric Binary Stars 222
9.3 Spectroscopic Binaries 222
9.4 Photometric Binary Stars 224
9.5 Examples 226
9.6 Exercises 227
10. Stellar Structure 10.1 Internal Equilibrium Conditions 229
10.2 Physical State of the Gas 232
10.3 Stellar Energy Sources 233
10.4 StellarModels 237
10.5 Examples 240
10.6 Exercises 242
11. Stellar Evolution
11.1 Evolutionary Time Scales 243
11.2 The Contraction of Stars Towards the Main Sequence 244
11.3 TheMain Sequence Phase 246
11.4 The Giant Phase 249
11.5 The Final Stages of Evolution 252
11.6 The Evolution of Close Binary Stars 254
11.7 Comparison with Observations 255
11.8 The Origin of the Elements 257
11.9 Example 259
11.10 Exercises 260
12. The Sun
12.1 Internal Structure 263
12.2 The Atmosphere 266
12.3 Solar Activity 270
12.4 Example 276
12.5 Exercises 276
13. Variable Stars
13.1 Classification 280
13.2 Pulsating Variables 281
13.3 Eruptive Variables 283
13.4 Examples 289
13.5 Exercises 290
14. Compact Stars
14.1 White Dwarfs 291
14.2 Neutron Stars 92
14.3 Black Holes 298
14.4 X-ray Binaries 302
14.5 Examples 304
14.6 Exercises 305
15. The Interstellar Medium
15.1 Interstellar Dust 307
15.2 Interstellar Gas 318
15.3 InterstellarMolecules 326
15.4 The Formation of Protostars 329
15.5 Planetary Nebulae 331
15.6 Supernova Remnants 332
15.7 The Hot Corona of theMilkyWay 335
15.8 Cosmic Rays and the Interstellar Magnetic Field 336
15.9 Examples 337
15.10 Exercises 338
16. Star Clusters and Associations
16.1 Associations 339
16.2 Open Star Clusters 339
16.3 Globular Star Clusters 343
16.4 Example 344
16.5 Exercises 345
17. The MilkyWay
17.1 Methods of Distance Measurement 349
17.2 Stellar Statistics 351
17.3 The Rotation of the Milky Way 355
17.4 Structural Components of the Milky Way 361
17.5 The Formation and Evolution of the Milky Way 363
17.6 Examples 365
17.7 Exercises 366
18. Galaxies
18.1 The Classification of Galaxies 367
18.2 Luminosities and Masses 372
18.3 Galactic Structures 375
18.4 Dynamics of Galaxies 379
18.5 Stellar Ages and Element Abundances in Galaxies 381
18.6 Systems of Galaxies 381
18.7 Active Galaxies and Quasars 384
18.8 The Origin and Evolution of Galaxies 389
18.9 Exercises 391
19. Cosmology
19.1 Cosmological Observations 393
19.2 The Cosmological Principle 398
19.3 Homogeneous and Isotropic Universes 399
19.4 The FriedmannModels 401
19.5 Cosmological Tests 403
19.6 History of the Universe 405
19.7 The Formation of Structure 406
19.8 The Future of the Universe 410
19.9 Examples 413
19.10 Exercises 414
20. Astrobiology
20.1 What is life? 415
20.2 Chemistry of life 416
20.3 Prerequisites of life 417
20.4 Hazards 418
20.5 Origin of life 419
20.6 Are weMartians? 422
20.7 Life in the Solar system 424
20.8 Exoplanets 424
20.9 Detecting life 426
20.10 SETI—detecting intelligent life 426
20.11 Number of civilizations 427
20.12 Exercises 428
Appendices 431
A. Mathematics 432
A.1 Geometry 432
A.2 Conic Sections 432
A.3 Taylor Series 434
A.4 Vector Calculus 434
A.5 Matrices 436
A.6 Multiple Integrals 438
A.7 Numerical Solution of an Equation 439
B. Theory of Relativity 441
B.1 Basic Concepts 441
B.2 Lorentz Transformation. Minkowski Space 442
B.3 General Relativity 443
B.4 Tests of General Relativity 443
C. Tables 445
Answers to Exercises 467
Further Reading 471
Photograph Credits 475
Name and Subject Index 477
Colour Supplement 491
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