Biology of Apples and Pears
Buku Ini diterbitkan tahun 2003 oleh Cambridge University Press, New York adalah buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Biology of Apples and Pears
Oleh: John E. Jackson
Penerbit: Cambridge University Press, New York
Tahun: 2003
Jumlah Halaman: 501 hal.
Penulis:
John E. Jackson memiliki banyak pengalaman dalam ilmu tumbuhan buah. Dia memegang posisi senior di Stasiun Penelitian East Malling dan ketua dari Orchard dan Perkebunan Sistem (High Density Tanam)
kelompok Masyarakat Internasional bekerja untuk Hortikultura Sains untuk bertahun-tahun. Baru-baru ini ia bertugas di pusat Penelitian Hortikultura, Marondera, Zimbabwe. Dia telah mengunjungi daerah buah tumbuh dan kuliah ke petani buah dan ilmuwan di 15 negara, mencakup empat benua. Dia telah menerbitkan banyak dalam literatur primer dan telah memberikan kontribusi untuk, diedit atau co-diedit banyak volume pada berbagai aspek pohon buah-buahan dan sistem perkebunan.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini merupakan buku referensi yang komprehensif berkaitan dengan semua aspek dari ilmu tentang buah-buahan di tingkat organ, pohon dan kebun. Buku ini memberikan informasi rinci tentang propagasi, akar dan pertumbuhan tunas, efek batang bawah, pembangunan kanopi dalam kaitannya dengan orchard desain, berbunga, penyerbukan, set buah, pertumbuhan buah, faktor kualitas buah dan retensi kualitas di toko. Hal ini juga berkaitan dengan nutrisi mineral, hubungan air dan irigasi, penyakit dan hama, dan bioteknologi. Buku ini menekankan dasar ilmiah pohon modern dan manajemen kebun, dan penyimpanan buah. Ini menggambarkan perbedaan kultivar kunci dan fisiologi dan genetika, dan dampak lingkungan dan kultivar × interaksi lingkungan tropis dan subtropis serta kondisi zona sedang. Buku ini ditujukan bagi petani buah, penyuluh, pemulia tanaman, bioteknologi dan penyimpanan dan perlindungan tanaman spesialis serta bagi para peneliti dan mahasiswa ilmu tentang buah-buahan dan hortikultura.
Daftar Isi:
Preface page xi
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction 1
The special characteristics of apple and pear production:
setting the scene for their scientific study 1
Recommended reading 3
References 3
1 The growing of apples and pears 4
The history of apple and pear growing 4
Trade in fresh apples 13
Trade in pears 14
Apple and pear products 14
Climatic conditions in major centres of production 17
Recommended reading 20
References 20
2 Apples and pears and their relatives 22
Taxonomy 22
The place of cultivars in apple and pear production 27
Apple scion cultivars 29
Apple rootstocks 46
Rootstock effects on scion performance 49
Other characteristics of apple rootstocks 63
Major apple rootstocks 68
Pear scion cultivars 73
Pear rootstocks 76
References 77
3 Apple and pear root systems: induction, development, structure and function 84
Introduction 84
Root initiation 85
Root growth of the rooted cutting and during tree establishment 99
Orchard tree root systems 102
Functions of roots 111
Special features of apple and pear seedling roots 115
References 116
4 The graft union, grafting and budding 126
Introduction 126
Formation of the graft union 126
Union formation in T-budding and chip budding 129
Incompatibility 131
Double working 134
Effects of temperature on grafting and budding 135
Effects of height of budding or grafting on scion vigour and cropping 136
Effects of interstocks on root and shoot growth and cropping 137
References 138
5 Mechanisms of rootstock and interstock effects on scion vigour 141
Introduction 141
Mechanisms of rootstock and interstock effects on vigour 141
Conclusions and comments 152
Recommended reading 153
References 153
6 The shoot system 157
Introduction 157
Buds 157
Bud dormancy 160
Dormancy through correlative inhibition 161
Seasonal bud dormancy 171
Shoot extension growth 187
Water shoot growth 199
Secondary thickening 199
References 200
7 Leaves, canopies and light interception 210
Leaf anatomy and morphology 210
Leaf production and growth 213
Leaf senescence and shed 218
Individual tree and orchard leaf area 219
Effects of light interception and of
within-tree shade 221
Shading by stems, fruits and leaves 223
Canopy light interception and distribution 225
References 233
8 Photosynthesis, respiration, and carbohydrate transport, partitioning and storage 237
Introduction 237
Photosynthesis 237
Respiration 249
Net CO exchange by canopies 253
Source-sink relationships and carbohydrate partitioning 256
Net carbon exchange and orchard productivity 260
References 262
9 Flowers and fruits 268
Juvenility 268
Flowering 269
Pollination 286
Female flower fertility 292
Fruit set 294
Fruit growth 306
Fruit skin colour, russet and cracking 317
References 325
10 Eating quality and its retention 341
Introduction 341
Fruit sensory quality 341
Changes during maturation and ripening 344
Readiness for harvest 349
Control of ripening and senescence 350
Calcium and fruit eating-quality 358
Calcium nutrition 362
Other nutrients and fruit eating-quality 371
Recommended reading 372
References 373
11 Mineral nutrition 384
Introduction 384
Nutrient requirements 384
Symptoms of deficiency or excess 387
Nitrogen nutrition 389
Phosphorus nutrition 394
Potassium nutrition 395
Calcium nutrition 396
Magnesium nutrition 396
Manganese nutrition 397
Copper nutrition 398
Boron nutrition 398
Iron nutrition 399
Zinc nutrition 401
Effects of aluminium on nutrition 402
Interactions between nutrients 404
Orchard management and tree nutrition 404
Recommended reading 409
References 409
12 Water relations 415
Introduction 415
Soil water availability 416
Evaporation and evapotranspiration 417
Basic concepts in tree water relations 420
Roots and tree water relations 422
Stem water relations 426
Leaf water relations 427
Fruit water relations 433
Integrated effects of water stress 435
Irrigation 437
Droughting 442
Effects of flooding 442
References 442
13 Diseases, pests, and resistance to these 448
Introduction 448
Virus and MLO diseases 448
Bacterial disease 451
Fungal diseases 456
Pests 461
Replant problems 463
References 467
14 Biotechnology of apples and pears 473
Propagation in vitro 473
Genetic transformation 475
Molecular markers 479
References 479
Cultivar Index 483
General Index 485
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