Monday, November 2, 2015

100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know About People






100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know About People
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2011  oleh  New Riders is an imprint, USA, adalah buku edisi Pertama.


Judul:  100 Things Every Designer Needs to Know About People
Oleh:  Susan Weinschenk, Ph.D.
Penerbit:   New Riders is an imprint, USA
Tahun: 2011
Jumlah Halaman: 257  hal.

Penulis:
Susan Weinschenk, Ph.D.


Lingkup Pembahasan:

Buku ini mengemukakan 100 hal yang dibutuhan untuk Tahu Tentang Manusia.

Daftar Isi:
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DESIGN vii
HOW PEOPLE SEE
1     WHAT YOU SEE ISN’T WHAT YOUR BRAIN GETS 2
2     PERIPHERAL VISION IS USED MORE THAN CENTRAL VISION TO GET THE GIST OF
       WHAT YOU SEE 5
3     PEOPLE IDENTIFY OBJECTS BY RECOGNIZING PATTERNS 7
4     THERE’S A SPECIAL PART OF THE BRAIN JUST FOR RECOGNIZING FACES 9
5     PEOPLE IMAGINE OBJECTS TILTED AND AT A SLIGHT ANGLE ABOVE 11
6     PEOPLE SCAN SCREENS BASED ON PAST EXPERIENCE AND EXPECTATIONS 13
7     PEOPLE SEE CUES THAT TELL THEM WHAT TO DO WITH AN OBJECT 15
8     PEOPLE CAN MISS CHANGES IN THEIR VISUAL FIELDS 19
9     PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT THINGS THAT ARE CLOSE TOGETHER BELONG
       TOGETHER  21
10   RED AND BLUE TOGETHER ARE HARD ON THE EYES 22
11   NINE PERCENT OF MEN AND ONE-HALF PERCENT OF WOMEN ARE
       COLOR-BLIND 23
12   THE MEANINGS OF COLORS VARY BY CULTURE 27

HOW PEOPLE READ
13     IT’S A MYTH THAT CAPITAL LETTERS ARE INHERENTLY HARD TO READ 30
14     READING AND COMPREHENDING ARE TWO DIFFERENT THINGS 33
15     PATTERN RECOGNITION HELPS PEOPLE IDENTIFY LETTERS IN DIFFERENT
         FONTS 37
16     FONT SIZE MATTERS 40
17     READING A COMPUTER SCREEN IS HARDER THAN READING PAPER 42
18     PEOPLE READ FASTER WITH A LONGER LINE LENGTH, BUT THEY PREFER A
         SHORTER LINE LENGTH 43

HOW PEOPLE REMEMBER
19     SHORT-TERM MEMORY IS LIMITED 46
20     PEOPLE REMEMBER ONLY FOUR ITEMS AT ONCE 48
21     PEOPLE HAVE TO USE INFORMATION TO MAKE IT STICK 51
22     IT’S EASIER TO RECOGNIZE INFORMATION THAN RECALL IT 53
23     MEMORY TAKES A LOT OF MENTAL RESOURCES 54
24     PEOPLE RECONSTRUCT MEMORIES EACH TIME THEY REMEMBER THEM 56
25     IT’S A GOOD THING THAT PEOPLE FORGET 58
26     THE MOST VIVID MEMORIES ARE WRONG 60

HOW PEOPLE THINK
27     PEOPLE PROCESS INFORMATION BETTER IN BITE-SIZED CHUNKS 62
28     SOME TYPES OF MENTAL PROCESSING ARE MORE CHALLENGING 65
29     MINDS WANDER 30 PERCENT OF THE TIME THAN OTHERS 68
30     THE MORE UNCERTAIN PEOPLE ARE, THE MORE THEY DEFEND THEIR IDEAS 70
31     PEOPLE CREATE MENTAL MODELS 72
32     PEOPLE INTERACT WITH CONCEPTUAL MODELS 74
33     PEOPLE PROCESS INFORMATION BEST IN STORY FORM 76
34     PEOPLE LEARN BEST FROM EXAMPLES 79
35     PEOPLE ARE DRIVEN TO CREATE CATEGORIES 82
36     TIME IS RELATIVE 84
37     THERE ARE FOUR WAYS TO BE CREATIVE 86
38     PEOPLE CAN BE IN A FLOW STATE 91
39     CULTURE AFFECTS HOW PEOPLE THINK 93

HOW PEOPLE FOCUS THEIR ATTENTION
40     ATTENTION IS SELECTIVE 96
41     PEOPLE FILTER INFORMATION 98
42     WELL-PRACTICED SKILLS DON’T REQUIRE CONSCIOUS ATTENTION 99
43     EXPECTATIONS OF FREQUENCY AFFECT ATTENTION 101
44     SUSTAINED ATTENTION LASTS ABOUT TEN MINUTES 103
45     PEOPLE PAY ATTENTION ONLY TO SALIENT CUES 104
46     PEOPLE CAN’T ACTUALLY MULTITASK 105
47     DANGER, FOOD, SEX, MOVEMENT, FACES, AND STORIES GET THE MOST     
         ATTENTION 108
48     LOUD NOISES STARTLE AND GET ATTENTION 110
49     FOR PEOPLE TO PAY ATTENTION TO SOMETHING, THEY MUST FIRST
         PERCEIVE IT   112

WHAT MOTIVATES PEOPLE
50     PEOPLE ARE MORE MOTIVATED AS THEY GET CLOSER TO A GOAL 116
51     VARIABLE REWARDS ARE POWERFUL 118
52     DOPAMINE MAKES PEOPLE ADDICTED TO SEEKING INFORMATION 121
53     UNPREDICTABILITY KEEPS PEOPLE SEARCHING 123
54     PEOPLE ARE MORE MOTIVATED BY INTRINSIC REWARDS THAN EXTRINSIC
         REWARDS  125
55     PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED BY PROGRESS, MASTERY, AND CONTROL 127
56     PEOPLE’S ABILITY TO DELAY GRATIFICATION (OR NOT) STARTS YOUNG 131
57     PEOPLE ARE INHERENTLY LAZY 132
58     PEOPLE WILL LOOK FOR SHORTCUTS ONLY IF THE SHORTCUTS ARE EASY  136
59     PEOPLE ASSUME IT’S YOU, NOT THE SITUATION 137
60     FORMING A HABIT TAKES A LONG TIME AND REQUIRES SMALL STEPS 139
61     PEOPLE ARE MORE MOTIVATED TO COMPETE WHEN THERE ARE FEWER
         COMPETITORS 141
62     PEOPLE ARE MOTIVATED BY AUTONOMY 142

PEOPLE ARE SOCIAL ANIMALS
63     THE “STRONG TIE” GROUP SIZE LIMIT IS 150 PEOPLE 144
64     PEOPLE ARE HARD-WIRED FOR IMITATION AND EMPATHY 147
65     DOING THINGS TOGETHER BONDS PEOPLE TOGETHER 149
66     PEOPLE EXPECT ONLINE INTERACTIONS TO FOLLOW SOCIAL RULES 151
67     PEOPLE LIE TO DIFFERING DEGREES DEPENDING ON THE MEDIA 154
68     SPEAKERS’ BRAINS AND LISTENERS’ BRAINS SYNC UP DURING
         COMMUNICATION 156
69     THE BRAIN RESPONDS UNIQUELY TO PEOPLE YOU KNOW PERSONALLY 157
70     LAUGHTER BONDS PEOPLE TOGETHER 159
71     PEOPLE CAN TELL WHEN A SMILE IS REAL OR FAKE MORE ACCURATELY
         WITH VIDEO 161

HOW PEOPLE FEEL
72     SEVEN BASIC EMOTIONS ARE UNIVERSAL 164
73     EMOTIONS ARE TIED TO MUSCLE MOVEMENT AND VICE VERSA 166
74     ANECDOTES PERSUADE MORE THAN DATA 168
75     SMELLS EVOKE EMOTIONS AND MEMORIES 169
76     PEOPLE ARE PROGRAMMED TO ENJOY SURPRISES 171
77     PEOPLE ARE HAPPIER WHEN THEY’RE BUSY 173
78     PASTORAL SCENES MAKE PEOPLE HAPPY 175
79     PEOPLE USE LOOK AND FEEL AS THEIR FIRST INDICATOR OF TRUST 177
80     LISTENING TO MUSIC RELEASES DOPAMINE IN THE BRAIN 179
81     THE MORE DIFFICULT SOMETHING IS TO ACHIEVE, THE MORE PEOPLE
         LIKE IT 180
82     PEOPLE OVERESTIMATE REACTIONS TO FUTURE EVENTS 181
83     PEOPLE FEEL MORE POSITIVE BEFORE AND AFTER AN EVENT THAN
         DURING IT   182
84     PEOPLE WANT WHAT IS FAMILIAR WHEN THEY’RE SAD OR SCARED 184

PEOPLE MAKE MISTAKES
85     PEOPLE WILL ALWAYS MAKE MISTAKES; THERE IS NO FAIL-SAFE PRODUCT 188
86     PEOPLE MAKE ERRORS WHEN THEY ARE UNDER STRESS 190
87     NOT ALL MISTAKES ARE BAD 194
88     PEOPLE MAKE PREDICTABLE TYPES OF ERRORS 195
89     PEOPLE USE DIFFERENT ERROR STRATEGIES 198

HOW PEOPLE DECIDE
90     PEOPLE MAKE MOST DECISIONS UNCONSCIOUSLY 202
91     THE UNCONSCIOUS KNOWS FIRST 204
92     PEOPLE WANT MORE CHOICES AND INFORMATION THAN THEY CAN
         PROCESS 206
93     PEOPLE THINK CHOICE EQUALS CONTROL 208
94     PEOPLE MAY CARE ABOUT TIME MORE THAN THEY 210
95     MOOD INFLUENCES THE DECISION-MAKING PROCESS CARE ABOUT MONEY 212
96     GROUP DECISION MAKING CAN BE FAULTY 214
97     PEOPLE ARE SWAYED BY A DOMINANT PERSONALITY 216
98     WHEN PEOPLE ARE UNCERTAIN, THEY LET OTHERS DECIDE WHAT O DO   217
99     PEOPLE THINK OTHERS ARE MORE EASILY INFLUENCED THAN THEY ARE
         THEMSELVES 219
100   PEOPLE VALUE A PRODUCT MORE HIGHLY WHEN IT’S PHYSICALLY IN FRONT OF
         THEM  221
BIBLIOGRAPHY 225
INDEX 235


  
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