Science and decisions : advancing risk assessment
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2009 The National Academies Press, Washington DC, adalah buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Science and decisions : advancing risk assessment
Oleh: Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA
Penerbit: The National Academies Press, Washington DC
Tahun: 2009
Jumlah Halaman: 423 hal.
Penulis:
Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the U.S. EPA
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini mencakup Evolusi dan penggunaan Penilaian Risiko DI BADAN PERLINDUNGAN LINGKUNGAN: Saat Praktek dan Prospek Masa Depan. Risiko Desain Penilaian. Ketidak pastian dan Variabilitas: Elemen berulang dan bandel. Resiko Penilaian. Menuju Sebuah Pendekatan Unified untuk Dosis Penilaian-Response. Seleksi dan Penggunaan Default. Melaksanakan Penilaian dengan Resiko Komulatif. Meningkatkan utilitas dari risiko penilaian. Peningkatan pengambilan keputusan berbasis risiko.
Daftar Isi:
SUMMARY 3
1 Introduction 15
Background, 16
Challenges, 17
Traditional and Emerging Views of the Roles of Risk Assessment, 18
Technical Impediments to Risk Assessment, 20
Improving Risk Analysis, 21
The National Research Council Committee, 22
Organization of the Report, 23
References, 24
2 Evolution and use of Risk Assessment IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY: Current Practice AND Future Prospects 26
Overview, 26
Statutory Plan and Regulatory Structure, 27
The Pivotal Role of the Red Book, 29
Current Concepts and Practices, 36
Institutional Arrangements for Managing the Process, 47
Extramural Influences and Participants, 53
Conclusions and Recommendations, 57
References, 59
3 The Design of Risk Assessments 65
Risk Assessment As a Design Challenge, 65
Design Considerations: Objectives, Constraints, and Tradeoffs, 68
Environmental Protection Agency’s Current Guidance Related to Risk-Assessment Design, 73
Incorporating Value-of-Information Principles in Formative and Iterative Design, 80
Conclusions, 89
Recommendations, 90
References, 90
4 UNCERTAINTY AND VARIABILITY: THE RECURRING AND RECALCITRANT
ELEMENTS OF RISK ASSESSMENT 93
Introduction to the Issues and Terminology, 93
Uncertainty in Risk Assessment, 97
Variability and Vulnerability in Risk Assessment, 108
Uncertainty and Variability in Specific Components of Risk Assessment, 113
Principles for Addressing Uncertainty and Variability, 119
Recommendations, 121
References, 122
5 Toward A Unified Approach TO Dose -Response Assessment 127
The Need for an Improved Dose-Response Framework, 127
A Unified Framework and Approach for Dose-Response Assessment, 135
Case Studies and Possible Modeling Approaches, 151
Implementation, 173
Conclusions and Recommendations, 177
References, 182
6 SELECTION AND USE OF Defaults 188
Current Environmental Protection Agency Policy on Defaults, 189
The Environmental Protection Agency’s System of Defaults, 193
Complications Introduced by Use of Defaults, 195
Enhancements of the Environmental Protection Agency’s Default Approach, 198
Performing Multiple Risk Characterizations for Alternative Models, 205
Conclusions and Recommendations, 207
References, 208
7 IMPLEMENTING CUMULATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT 213
Introduction and Definitions, 213
History of Cumulative Risk Assessment, 216
Approaches to Cumulative Risk Assessment, 219
Key Concerns and Proposed Modifications, 223
Recommendations, 235
References, 237
8 Improving the utility of risk assessment 240
Beyond the Red Book, 241
A Decision-Making Framework that Maximizes the Utility of Risk Assessment, 242
The Framework: An Overview, 245
Additional Improvements Offered by the Framework, 251
Potential Concerns Raised by the Framework, 253
Conclusions and Recommendations, 255
References, 256
9 TOWARD improved risk-based decision-making 258
Transition to the Framework for Risk-Based Decision-Making, 259
Institutional Processes, 259
Leadership and Management, 262
Conclusions and Recommendations, 262
References, 271
Appendixs
A Biographic Information on the Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 275
B Statement of Tas k OF the Committee on Improving Risk Analysis Approaches Used by the
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY 281
C Timeline of Selected ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Risk-Assessment
Activities 283
D ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Response to Recommendations FROM
SELECTED NRC REPORTS: Policy, activity, and Practice 299
E ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Pro gram and Region Responses to Questions
from the Committee 367
F Case STUDIES OF THE Framework for risk-based decision-making 399
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