On the Origins and Dynamics of Biodiversity: the Role of Chance
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010 Springer Science Business Media, LLC. New York. Buku ini adalah edisi Pertama.
Judul: On the Origins and Dynamics of Biodiversity:
the Role of Chance
Oleh: Alain Pavé
Penerbit: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. New York
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman: 192 hal.
Penulis:
Alain Pavé
University of Lyon and CNRS
montee de Verdun 34
69160 Tassin-la-Demi-Lune
Lyon, France
alain.pave@cnrs-dir.fr
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini mengemukakan hasil proses memproduksi keragaman sistem kehidupan. Bahkan jika "pertanyaan keanekaragaman hayati" adalah jauh lebih besar dari apa yang dilengkapi oleh buku ini. Tujuan buku ini adalah untuk tidak mencoba untuk melihat semua aspek, terutama dimensi manusia (yaitu, sosial, budaya, dan hubungan ekonomi dengan makhluk hidup lainnya). Berikut lebih pertanyaan mengambil saham dari biologi dan aspek ekologi, dari gen untuk ekosistem, untuk menguraikan "biologis" teori keanekaragaman hayati dan menarik beberapa kesimpulan praktis. Bahkan, itu adalah tanggung jawab utama ilmuwan untuk mencoba membangun struktur teoritis dan tidak membatasi diri untuk "daftar laundry" dari hasil. Buku ini ditulis dalam kerangka Program Amazonie dari lembaga penelitian ilmiah Perancis, Pusat Nasional de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS).
Daftar Isi Buku:
1 Questioning Chance 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Different Uses of the Word “Chance” in the Sciences 3
1.2.1 Chance in Quantum Mechanics and Mechanical Statistics 4
1.2.2 Chance for the Statistician 6
1.2.3 Chance for the Probability Theorist 7
1.2.4 Chance for the Numerical Analyst and the ComputerScientist 8
1.2.5 Chance, Hazards, and Risks 10
1.2.6 Life Tested by the Vagaries of the Environment During ItsLongHistory 11
2 Chance in Living Systems 15
2.1 Chance and Necessity 15
2.1.1 The Neutral Theory of Evolution: A Gentle Necessity 16
2.1.2 The Couple Chance-Necessity 17
2.1.3 Randomness and Evolution: The Necessity of Chance 18
2.1.4 From the Gene to the Ecosystem: Chance in the Different Organisational Levels of
Living Systems 18
2.2 Known Genetic Diversification Mechanisms 19
2.2.1 Gene Diversification: The Randomness of One-Off Mutations 19
2.2.2 The Organisation and Plasticity of the Genome: TheVagaries ofPiecewiseMutations 22
2.2.3 Reproduction and the Transmission of Genetic Information: Shuffling the Cards 27
2.3 The Cell and the Organism: A Limited Randomness 31
2.3.1 A Living Machine 31
2.3.2 Individual Homogeneity, the Diversity of Organisms 31
2.3.3 A Cooperative Structure 33
2.3.4 A Limited, But Efficient Randomness: The Immune andOlfactorySystems 35
2.3.5 Using theVagaries of theEnvironment 37
2.3.6 Organisms and Changes in the Environment 37
2.3.7 Random Behaviours 37
2.4 Lineages, Populations and Species: Chance Encounters, Couplings, and Disturbances 39
2.5 The Main Sources of Biodiversity 42
2.6 Evolution and Its Theories: The Randomness of Genetic Modifications 43
2.7 Ecological Randomness: Live and Survive Together, Face EnvironmentalRisks 46
2.7.1 The Neutral Theory of Biodiversity 49
2.7.2 Spatial Distribution: Randomness and Necessity in the Environment 50
2.7.3 Evolutional Interpretation in the Face of Risks: Necessary Diversification and the no Less
Necessary Random Distribution 51
2.7.4 The Dynamics of Biodiversity 59
2.7.5 MeasuringBiodiversity 63
2.8 Randomness, Chaos and Complexity 66
2.8.1 From Chaos to Randomness 67
2.8.2 Intermittences 69
2.8.3 Two Types of Randomness, Two Complexities 69
2.9 Randomness and the Organisational Levels of Living Systems 71
2.10 Conclusion 75
3 Lessons for Managing Living Systems 79
3.1 Organisms 79
3.2 Populations and Ecosystems 80
3.3 Biodiversity 81
3.4 InformationandGeneticHeritage 82
3.5 ConservingGeneticResources 82
3.6 GeneticModification:Hybridisation andSelection 82
3.7 GeneticManipulation:Gene Insertion 84
3.8 Cloning 85
3.9 Active Molecules of Biological Origin 86
3.10 Ecotoxicology 87
3.11 The Limits and Consequences of Mankind’s Intervention onLivingSystems 88
3.12 Bio-inspired and Bio-mimetic Technologies 89
4 The Contribution of Models and Modelling: Some Examples 91
4.1 Genetics and Calculating Probability: Elementary Laws and Evolution During the Genetic
Constitution of a Population 92
4.1.1 The Mendelian Model 92
4.1.2 Genetic Evolution of an Autogamous Population 93
4.2 From Chaos to Randomness: Biological Roulettes – An Example from the Discrete-Time
Logistic Model 96
4.2.1 Discrete-Time Logistic Model 96
4.2.2 Analysis of the Simultaneous Dynamics of Two Populations 99
4.2.3 From the Erratic to the Regular: The Effect of Pairing 100
4.2.4 From Chaos to Randomness 101
4.3 The Continuous-Time Logistic Model and the Evolution of Biodiversity 103
4.4 Towards a General Schema for Modelling Living Systems and Their Diversities 110
5 Biodiversity and Ecological Theories 113
5.1 The Niche Theory 115
5.2 Niches and the Logistic Model 117
5.3 The Neutral Theory of Biodiversity 118
5.4 Can We Reconcile the Two Approaches? 120
5.5 A Set of Processes to Explain the Spatial Distribution of Individuals in Diversified Systems
by Species 121
5.6 Chance at the Heart of Natural Ecosystems? 123
6 Chance and Evolution 127
6.1 Evolution . . .But It’sVerySimple 128
6.2 And Chance in All of That? 129
6.3 “Biological Roulettes”: Products and Engines of Evolution 133
6.4 Chance, Complexity and Biodiversity 134
6.5 Evolution and the Self-organisation of Living Systems and . . .Others 137
7 Evaluating Biodiversity: The Example of French Guiana 139
7.1 ALargeDiversity 139
7.2 Species Diversity and Its Evaluation: Data, Certainties and Uncertainties 140
7.2.1 The First Problem: Classification and Botanical Practices 141
7.2.2 The Second Problem: Field Access and the Field It self 141
7.2.3 TheThirdProblem:ForestryandEcologicalData 142
7.2.4 Evaluation: A Draft Solution Using a Simple Model 144
7.2.5 Conclusion 146
7.3 Biodiversity on a Large, Physical Scale 146
7.4 Multi-scale and Multi-level Observations: From the Gene to the Ecosystem 146
7.5 A Very Favourable Terrain for Research on Biodiversity and its Dynamics 148
8 Conclusion 153
8.1 Living Things: Deterministic or Stochastic Machines? 153
8.2 Chance and Evolution v154
8.3 Chance is Everywhere in Biological Systems 155
8.4 Internal Processes Generating Random Events 155
8.5 Some Experiments and Much Observationv157
8.6 The Beginning of New Ways of Conducting Research? 159
Glossary 161
References 167
Further Reading 175
Index 177 Chapter 3
Assessing 54
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