Wednesday, January 13, 2016

Thinking philosophically






Thinking philosophically : an introduction to critical reflection and rational dialogue
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2001  oleh  Blackwell Publishers Inc., USA adalah buku edisi  Pertama.


Judul:  Thinking philosophically : an introduction to critical reflection and rational dialogue
Oleh:   Richard E. Creel
Penerbit:  Blackwell Publishers Inc., USA
Tahun: 2001
Jumlah Halaman:  359 hal.

Penulis:

Richard E. Creel

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini terdiri atas 5 bagian uatma.  Bagian 1 Metaphilosopi, Bagian 2 Epistimologi, Bagian 3 Teori Nilai, Bagian 4 Metafisika, dan Bagian 5 Kata-kata terakhir.

Daftar Isi:

A Preface to Teachers   x
Acknowledgments   xiii
Philosophers in Thinking Philosophically   xiv
PART I METAPHILOSOPHY    1
1    Introduction   3

      Three ways into philosophy   3
      The nature of philosophy   4
      The three most basic problems in philosophy    6
      Developing a philosophy of your own    10
2    What is Philosophy?    11
      Before philosophy   11
      The historical beginnings of western philosophy   12
      The literal meaning of "philosophy"    15
      The basic problems and areas of philosophy    15
      The interconnectedness of the issues of philosophy    18
      A definition of philosophy    20
      Clue words to areas in philosophy    21
      Sample statements and questions in different areas    22
3    Why We Do Philosophy    24
      The noetic motive    24
      The cathartic motive    25
      The mystical motive   25
      The wisdom motive   27
      The sport motive    28
4    The Two Most Basic Causes of Philosophy 30
      Ambiguity 30
      Curiosity 33
      Vagueness, ambivalence, and ambiguity 33
5    Reason, Philosophy, and Other Disciplines 35

      An expanded definition of philosophy 35
      Philosophy and Religion 35
      Philosophy and Science 37
      Philosophy and Mathematics 39
      Philosophy and History 40
6    Methods for Doing Philosophy 43
      The Socratic Method 43
      Running out the permutations 45
      Rational dialogue , 47
7    Things Philosophers Do 53
      Exposit 54
      Analyze 56
      Synthesize ' 56
      Describe 57
      Speculate 60
      Prescribe 62
      Criticize 64
8    A Healthy Philosophical Attitude 69
      Caring rather than indifferent 69
      Courageous rather than timid 70
      Open rather than closed 71
      Grateful rather than resentful 72
      Assertive rather than passive 73
9    Alternatives to Philosophy 75
      Neglect ' 76
      Skepticism 77
      Dogmatism 81
      Solitude 84
      Philosophy is important and inescapable 86
      We are responsible for our beliefs 86
      Philosophy not adversarial 88

PART II EPISTEMOLOGY 91
10  What is Truth? 93

      Non-epistemic uses of "true" 94
      The kind of thing that is true or false 94
      The nature of truth 95
      What makes an assertion true or false 95
      Competing conceptions of truth 96
      Why truth is important 98
      :" Three laws of thought 99
      Six sources of truth 100
11  What is Knowledge? 104
      Hope 104
      Faith 105
      Belief based on evidence 106
      True belief based on evidence 107
      Justified belief 107
      Justified true belief 108
      The justification theory of knowledge 108
      The causal theory of knowledge 109
12  Logic - Understanding and Evaluating  Arguments 112

      What "argument" means in logic 113
      The deductive argument 115
      The inductive argument 119

PART III THEORY OF VALUE 127
13  Axiology and Happiness 129

      Our innate craving for happiness 130
      Aristotle's definition of happiness 132
      Critiques of happiness 133
      Axiology: Its nature and purposes 137
      The Good of enjoyment vs. Enjoyment of the good 138
      Three conceptions of the good 139
      The interaction theory of experience 141
      The package theory of alternatives 141
      Ignorance as cause / Intelligence as cure 142
      Jeremy Bentham's Hedonic Calculus 145
      John Stuart Mill's criticism of Bentham 149
      Intrinsic values and Instrumental values 150
      A summary of concepts in value theory 153
14  Ethics and Morality 158
      Good and Bad; Right and Wrong; Self-interest and Morality 159
      Different meanings of "right" and "wrong" 161
      Ethical Nihilism 162
      Ethical Relativism 164
      Individual Relativism 164
      Social Relativism 166
      Ethical Absolutism 171
      Theocentric Theories of Ethics 175
      Divine Command Ethics 175
      Perfect Being Ethics 178
      Anthropocentrie Theories of Ethics 181
      Rationalistic (Deontological) Ethics 181
      Altruistic (Utilitarian) Ethics 183
      Universal Eudaemonism and Moral Happiness 186
      Why be moral? 190
      The need for moral education 193

PART IV METAPHYSICS 203
15  Freedom and Determinism 205

      Can we do what we ought to do? 206
      Words, Concepts, Positions, Justifications, and Criticisms 207
      Philosophical Anthropology 209
      Objective freedom and Subjective freedom 209
      Libertarianism 212
      Universal Determinism 216
      Theistic Determinism 217
      Naturalistic Determinism 219
      Soft Determinism (Compatibilism) 223
      Hard Determinism (Incompatibilism) 226
      Criticisms 229
16  The Mind/Body Problem 237
      Dualistic Interactionism 239
      Occasionalism 247
      Parallelism 248
      Epiphenomenalism 250
      Physical Monism 255
      Psychic Monism 265
      Neutral Monism 271
      Phenomenalism 275
17  Philosophical Theism 278
      Terminology: polytheism, deism, theism, pantheism, atheism, agnosticism 278
      Philosophical Worldviews 279
      Hard and soft beliefs 282
      Religious Theism and Philosophical Theism 283
      How can we tell what God is like? 284
      Four arguments for belief in the existence of God 287
18  Metaphysical Materialism 296
      Criticisms of arguments for belief in the existence of God 296
      Four arguments against belief in the existence of God 298
      Materialism as a worldview 302
19  Metaphysical Idealism 310
      Popular idealism and metaphysical idealism 311
      A general justification of metaphysical idealism 312
      Subjective Idealism (theistic): Berkeley and Hartshorne 314
      Objective Idealism (pantheistic): Hegel 315
      Phenomenalism (atheistic): Hume, Ayer, Buddha 319
      Solipsism and the problem of other minds 321
      Metaphysical Nihilism 322
      Why consider "crazy" positions? 323
      Criticisms of solipsism 325
      Desert landscapes and Tropical forests 327
      Affirming, improving, or replacing a worldview 328

PART V PARTING REMARKS 331
    Socrates' advice
    The difficulties and inconclusiveness of philosophy
    The personal importance and intimacy of philosophy
    Benefits of philosophy
    The spiral of philosophical growth
Index 335


  
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