Thinking philosophically : an introduction to critical reflection and rational dialogue
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2001 oleh Blackwell Publishers Inc., USA adalah buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Thinking philosophically : an introduction to critical reflection and rational dialogue
Oleh: Richard E. Creel
Penerbit: Blackwell Publishers Inc., USA
Tahun: 2001
Jumlah Halaman: 359 hal.
Penulis:
Richard E. Creel
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini terdiri atas 5 bagian uatma. Bagian 1 Metaphilosopi, Bagian 2 Epistimologi, Bagian 3 Teori Nilai, Bagian 4 Metafisika, dan Bagian 5 Kata-kata terakhir.
Daftar Isi:
A Preface to Teachers x
Acknowledgments xiii
Philosophers in Thinking Philosophically xiv
PART I METAPHILOSOPHY 1
1 Introduction 3
Three ways into philosophy 3
The nature of philosophy 4
The three most basic problems in philosophy 6
Developing a philosophy of your own 10
2 What is Philosophy? 11
Before philosophy 11
The historical beginnings of western philosophy 12
The literal meaning of "philosophy" 15
The basic problems and areas of philosophy 15
The interconnectedness of the issues of philosophy 18
A definition of philosophy 20
Clue words to areas in philosophy 21
Sample statements and questions in different areas 22
3 Why We Do Philosophy 24
The noetic motive 24
The cathartic motive 25
The mystical motive 25
The wisdom motive 27
The sport motive 28
4 The Two Most Basic Causes of Philosophy 30
Ambiguity 30
Curiosity 33
Vagueness, ambivalence, and ambiguity 33
5 Reason, Philosophy, and Other Disciplines 35
An expanded definition of philosophy 35
Philosophy and Religion 35
Philosophy and Science 37
Philosophy and Mathematics 39
Philosophy and History 40
6 Methods for Doing Philosophy 43
The Socratic Method 43
Running out the permutations 45
Rational dialogue , 47
7 Things Philosophers Do 53
Exposit 54
Analyze 56
Synthesize ' 56
Describe 57
Speculate 60
Prescribe 62
Criticize 64
8 A Healthy Philosophical Attitude 69
Caring rather than indifferent 69
Courageous rather than timid 70
Open rather than closed 71
Grateful rather than resentful 72
Assertive rather than passive 73
9 Alternatives to Philosophy 75
Neglect ' 76
Skepticism 77
Dogmatism 81
Solitude 84
Philosophy is important and inescapable 86
We are responsible for our beliefs 86
Philosophy not adversarial 88
PART II EPISTEMOLOGY 91
10 What is Truth? 93
Non-epistemic uses of "true" 94
The kind of thing that is true or false 94
The nature of truth 95
What makes an assertion true or false 95
Competing conceptions of truth 96
Why truth is important 98
:" Three laws of thought 99
Six sources of truth 100
11 What is Knowledge? 104
Hope 104
Faith 105
Belief based on evidence 106
True belief based on evidence 107
Justified belief 107
Justified true belief 108
The justification theory of knowledge 108
The causal theory of knowledge 109
12 Logic - Understanding and Evaluating Arguments 112
What "argument" means in logic 113
The deductive argument 115
The inductive argument 119
PART III THEORY OF VALUE 127
13 Axiology and Happiness 129
Our innate craving for happiness 130
Aristotle's definition of happiness 132
Critiques of happiness 133
Axiology: Its nature and purposes 137
The Good of enjoyment vs. Enjoyment of the good 138
Three conceptions of the good 139
The interaction theory of experience 141
The package theory of alternatives 141
Ignorance as cause / Intelligence as cure 142
Jeremy Bentham's Hedonic Calculus 145
John Stuart Mill's criticism of Bentham 149
Intrinsic values and Instrumental values 150
A summary of concepts in value theory 153
14 Ethics and Morality 158
Good and Bad; Right and Wrong; Self-interest and Morality 159
Different meanings of "right" and "wrong" 161
Ethical Nihilism 162
Ethical Relativism 164
Individual Relativism 164
Social Relativism 166
Ethical Absolutism 171
Theocentric Theories of Ethics 175
Divine Command Ethics 175
Perfect Being Ethics 178
Anthropocentrie Theories of Ethics 181
Rationalistic (Deontological) Ethics 181
Altruistic (Utilitarian) Ethics 183
Universal Eudaemonism and Moral Happiness 186
Why be moral? 190
The need for moral education 193
PART IV METAPHYSICS 203
15 Freedom and Determinism 205
Can we do what we ought to do? 206
Words, Concepts, Positions, Justifications, and Criticisms 207
Philosophical Anthropology 209
Objective freedom and Subjective freedom 209
Libertarianism 212
Universal Determinism 216
Theistic Determinism 217
Naturalistic Determinism 219
Soft Determinism (Compatibilism) 223
Hard Determinism (Incompatibilism) 226
Criticisms 229
16 The Mind/Body Problem 237
Dualistic Interactionism 239
Occasionalism 247
Parallelism 248
Epiphenomenalism 250
Physical Monism 255
Psychic Monism 265
Neutral Monism 271
Phenomenalism 275
17 Philosophical Theism 278
Terminology: polytheism, deism, theism, pantheism, atheism, agnosticism 278
Philosophical Worldviews 279
Hard and soft beliefs 282
Religious Theism and Philosophical Theism 283
How can we tell what God is like? 284
Four arguments for belief in the existence of God 287
18 Metaphysical Materialism 296
Criticisms of arguments for belief in the existence of God 296
Four arguments against belief in the existence of God 298
Materialism as a worldview 302
19 Metaphysical Idealism 310
Popular idealism and metaphysical idealism 311
A general justification of metaphysical idealism 312
Subjective Idealism (theistic): Berkeley and Hartshorne 314
Objective Idealism (pantheistic): Hegel 315
Phenomenalism (atheistic): Hume, Ayer, Buddha 319
Solipsism and the problem of other minds 321
Metaphysical Nihilism 322
Why consider "crazy" positions? 323
Criticisms of solipsism 325
Desert landscapes and Tropical forests 327
Affirming, improving, or replacing a worldview 328
PART V PARTING REMARKS 331
Socrates' advice
The difficulties and inconclusiveness of philosophy
The personal importance and intimacy of philosophy
Benefits of philosophy
The spiral of philosophical growth
Index 335
Berminat?
Email: zanetapm@gmail.com
0 comments:
Post a Comment