Sunday, February 7, 2016

Asking the Right Questions







Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking Eighth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2007  oleh Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking Eighth Edition adalah buku edisi  Ke delapan.


Judul:  Asking the Right Questions: A Guide to Critical Thinking Eighth Edition
Oleh:   M. Neil Browne, et al
Penerbit:  Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey
Tahun: 2007
Jumlah Halaman:  226 hal.

Penulis:

M. Neil Browne
Stuart M. Keeley A.


Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini merupakan tuntunan untuk Mengajukan Pertanyaan yang Tepat. Keterampilan  mengemukakan pertanyaan-pertanyaan kritis sehingga dapat meningkatkan penalaran siapa pun, terlepas dari sejauh  mana pendidikan formal nya.

Daftar Isi:

Preface viii
1  The Benefit of Asking the Right Questions 1
    Introduction 1
    Critical Thinking to the Rescue 2
    The Sponge and Panning for Gold: Alternative Thinking Styles 3
    An Example of the Panning-for-Gold Approach 5
    Panning for Gold: Asking Critical Questions 7
    The Myth of the "Right Answer" 7
    Thinking and Feeling 8
    The Efficiency of Asking the Question, "Who Cares?" 9
    Weak-Sense and Strong-Sense Critical Thinking 10
    The Satisfaction of Using the Panning-for-Gold Approach 11
    Trying Out New Answers 11
    Effective Communication and Critical Thinking 12
    The Importance of Practice 12
    The Right Questions 13
2  What Are the Issue and the Conclusion? 15
    Kinds of Issues 16
    Searching for the Issue 17
    Searching for the Author's or Speaker's Conclusion 18
    Clues to Discovery: How to Find the Conclusion 19
    Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 21
    Practice Exercises 22
3  What Are the Reasons? 25
    Reasons + Conclusion = Argument 26
    Initiating the Questioning Process 27
    Words That Identify Reasons 29
    Kinds of Reasons 29
    Keeping the Reasons and Conclusions Straight 31
    Reasons First, Then Conclusions 32
    "Fresh" Reasons and Your Growth 32
    Critical Thinking and Your Own Writing and Speaking 33
    Practice Exercises 33
4  What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? 37
    The Confusing Flexibility of Words 38
    Locating Key Terms and Phrases 39
    Checking for Ambiguity 40
    Determining Ambiguity 41
    Context and Ambiguity 43
    Ambiguity, Definitions, and the Dictionary 44
    Ambiguity and Loaded Language 46
    Limits of Your Responsibility to Clarify Ambiguity 48
    Ambiguity and Your Own Writing and Speaking 48
    Summary 49
    Practice Exercises 50
5  What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions? 53
    General Guide for Identifying Assumptions 55
    Value Conflicts and Assumptions 56
    Discovering Values 57
    From Values to Value Assumptions 58
    Typical Value Conflicts 60
    The Communicator's Background as a Clue to Value Assumptions 61
    Consequences as Clues to Value Assumptions 61
    More Hints for Finding Value Assumptions 63
    Avoiding a Typical Difficulty When Identifying Value Assumptions 64
    Finding Value Assumptions on Your Own 65
    Values and Relativism 67
    Summary 68
    Practice Exercises 68
6  What Are the Descriptive Assumptions? 71
    Illustrating Descriptive Assumptions 72
    Clues for Locating Assumptions 74
    Applying the Clues 76
    Avoiding Analysis of Trivial Assumptions 78
    Assumptions and Your Own Writing and Speaking 78
    Summary 79
    Practice Exercises 79
7  Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? 83
    A Questioning Approach to Finding Reasoning Fallacies 85
    Evaluating Assumptions as a Starting Point 86
    Discovering Other Common Reasoning Fallacies 88
    Looking for Diversions 94
    Sleight of Hand: Begging the Question 96
    Summary of Reasoning Errors 97
    Expanding Your Knowledge of Fallacies 99
    Fallacies and Your Own Writing and Speaking 99
    Practice Exercises 99
8  How Good Is the Evidence: Intuition, Personal Experience, Testimonials, and Appeals to 
    Authority? 103
    The Need for Evidence 104
    Locating Factual Claims 105
    Sources of Evidence 106
    Intuition as Evidence 107
    Dangers of Appealing to Personal Experience as Evidence 108
    Personal Testimonials as Evidence 109
    Appeals to Authority as Evidence 110
    Summary 113
    Practice Exercises 114
9  How Good Is the Evidence: Personal Observation, Research Studies, Case Examples, and 
    nalogies? 117
    Personal Observation 117
    Research Studies as Evidence 118
    Generalizing from the Research Sample 123
    Biased Surveys and Questionnaires 124
    Critical Evaluation of a Research-Based Argument 126
    Case Examples as Evidence 128
    Analogies as Evidence 129
    Summary 133
    Practice Exercises 134
10  Are There Rival Causes? 137
    When to Look for Rival Causes 138
    The Pervasiveness of Rival Causes 139
    Detecting Rival Causes 141
    The Cause or A Cause 142
    Rival Causes and Scientific Research 143
    Rival Causes for Differences Between Groups 144
    Confusing Causation with Association 146
    Confusing "After this" with "Because of this" 147
    Explaining Individual Events or Acts 149
    Evaluating Rival Causes 150
    Evidence and Your Own Writing and Speaking 150
    Summary 150
    Practice Exercises 151
11  Are the Statistics Deceptive? 155
    Unknowable and Biased Statistics 156
    Confusing Averages 156
    Concluding One Thing, Proving Another 158
    Deceiving by Omitting Information 159
    Risk Statistics and Omitted Information 161
    Summary 162
    Practice Exercises 163
12  What Significant Information Is Omitted? 167
    The Benefits of Detecting Omitted Information 168
    The Certainty of Incomplete Reasoning 168
    Questions that Identify Omitted Information 170
    The Importance of the Negative View 174
    Omitted Information That Remains Missing 175
    Missing Information and Your Own Writing and Speaking 176
    Practice Exercises 176
13  What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? 181
    Assumptions and Multiple Conclusions 182
    Dichotomous Thinking: Impediment to Considering Multiple Conclusions 182
    Two Sides or Many? 183
    Searching for Multiple Conclusions 185
    Productivity of If-Clauses 186
    Alternative Solutions as Conclusions 187
    The Liberating Effect of Recognizing Alternative Conclusions 188
    All Conclusions Are Not Created Equal 188
    Summary 189
    Practice Exercises 196
    Practice and Review 193
    Question Checklist for Critical Thinking 193
    Asking the Right Questions: A Comprehensive Example    194
    What Are the Issue and Conclusion? 196
    What Are the Reasons? 196
    What Words or Phrases Are Ambiguous? 197
    What Are the Value Conflicts and Assumptions? 198
    What are the Descriptive Assumptions? 198
    Are There Any Fallacies in the Reasoning? 199
    How Good Is the Evidence? 200
    Are There Rival Causes? 201
    Are the Statistics Deceptive? 201
    What Significant Information Is Omitted? 202
    What Reasonable Conclusions Are Possible? 203
    Final Word 205
    The Tone of Your Critical Thinking 205
    Strategies for Effective Critical Thinking 206
Index 209

  
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