Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity Fourteenth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 1995 oleh Oxford University Press, New York.
Judul: Anthropology Appreciating Human Diversity Fourteenth Edition
Oleh: Conrad Phillip Kottak
Penerbit: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
Tahun: 2011
Jumlah Halaman: 721 hal.
Penulis:
Conrad Phillip Kottak (A.B. Columbia Perguruan tinggi, 1963; Ph.D. Kolumbia University, 1966) adalah Julian H. Steward Collegiate Profesor Antropologi di Universitas Michigan, di mana dia mengajar
sejak 1968. Ia menjabat sebagai kepala Departemen antropologi dari 1996 sampai 2006. Pada tahun 1991 ia diberi kehormatan untuk mengajar oleh universitas dan negara bagian Michigan.
Pada tahun 1992 ia menerima penghargaan keunggulan dalam pengajaran dari Sekolah Tinggi Sastra, Sains, dan Seni dariUniversity of Michigan. Pada tahun 1999 Anthropological Amerika Association (AAA) diberikan Profesor Kottak AAA / Mayfi Award untuk Keunggulan dalam Pengajaran sarjana Antropologi. Pada tahun 2005 ia terpilih untuk American Academy of Arts dan Ilmu, dan pada tahun 2008 menjadi anggota National Academy of Sciences.
Profesor Kottak telah melakukan kerja lapangan etnografi di Brazil (sejak tahun 1962), Madagaskar (sejak tahun 1966), dan Amerika Serikat. Kepentingan umum Nya dalam proses dimana budaya lokal digabungkan-dan menolak penggabungan-ke dalam sistem yang lebih besar. Minatnya untuk menggabungkan karyanya pada ekologi dan negara formasi di Afrika dan Madagaskar difokuskn pada penelitiannya yang lebih baru tentang globalisasi, budaya nasional dan internasional, dan media massa.
Edisi keempat studi kasus yang populer Kottak itu Assault on Paradise: The Globalization of a Little Community di Brazil, melanjutkan pekerjaan lapangan di Arembepe, Bahia, Brasil, diterbitkan pada tahun 2006 oleh McGraw-Hill. Dalam sebuah proyek penelitian selama tahun 1980, Kottak menggabung etnografi dan survey penelitian beajar di "Television Perilaku Efek di Brasil." Penelitian yang merupakan dasar dari Kottak buku Prime-Time Society: An Anthropological Analysis of Television and Culture (edisi revisi diterbitkan oleh Left Coast Press pada tahun 2010) -anak studi banding tentang sifat dan dampak televisi di Brasil dan Amerika Serikat. Buku-buku lain Kottak termasuk The Past in the Present: History, Ecology and Cultural Variation in Highland Madagascar (1980), Researching American Culture: A Guide for Student Anthropologists (edited 1982) (both University of Michigan Press), and Madagascar: Society and History (edited 1986) (Carolina Academic Press). The most recent editions (14th) of his texts Anthropology: Appreciating Human Diversity (this book) dan Cultural Anthropology: Appreciating Cultural Diversity were published by McGraw-Hill in 2010. He also is the author of Mirror for Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (7th ed., McGraw-Hill, 2009) and Window on Humanity: A Concise Introduction to Anthropology (4th ed., McGraw- Hill, 2010). With Kathryn A. Kozaitis, he wrote On Being Different: Diversity and Multiculturalism in the North American Mainstream (3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, 2008).
Artikel Conrad Kottak ini telah muncul dalam jurnal akademik, termasuk American Anthropologist,
Journal of Anthropological Research, American Ethnologist, Ethnology, Human Organization, and Luso-
Brazilian Review. Ia juga menulis untuk jurnal populer, termasuk Transaction/SOCIETY, Natural History,
Psychology Today, dan General Anthropology.
Dalam proyek penelitian baru-baru ini, Kottak dan rekan-rekannya telah meneliti munculnya ekologi
kesadaran di Brazil, konteks sosial deforestasi dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati di Madagaskar, dan partisipasi dalam perencanaan pembangunan ekonomi di timur laut Brasil. Profesor Kottak telah aktif di University of Michigan Center for Etnografi yang Kehidupan Sehari-hari, didukung oleh Alfred P.
Sloan Foundation. Dalam kapasitas, untuk proyek penelitian berjudul “Media, Family, and Work in a Middle-Class Midwestern Town,” Kottak dan rekannya Lara Descartes telah menyelidiki bagaimana keluarga kelas menengah menggambar pada berbagai media dalam perencanaan, pengelolaan,
dan mengevaluasi pilihan dan solusi mereka dengan tuntutan kerja yang bersaing . Dia dapat dihubungi
melalui e-mail di alamat internet berikut: ckottak@bellsouth.net.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
BAB 1 membahas praktek budaya ramah di kalangan siswa SMA di Amerika, Kerja dan pengaruh filosofi Soetoro pada anaknya, Barack Obama, BAB 2 diantaranya mengemukakan peran individualisme dalam budaya Amerika, BAB 3 diskusi Revisi sesuai dengan budaya pemasaran, BAB 4 mengemukakan pembahasan manusia sebagai makhluk social. BAB 5 mengemukakan pengaruh relatif budaya dan genetika pada fisiologi manusia dan penyebaran virus sifilis sebagai akibat dari Columbus New- eksplorasi dunia, BAB 6 diskusi pemahaman keragaman yang melampaui ras dan etnis serta penanda genetik dan fenotipe. BAB 7 membahas kekuatan manusia dan kelemahan panca indra sebagai bukti evolusi biologi, ciri-ciri kera dan manusia yang bertentangan dengan monyet dan primata lainnya serta kehancuran lingkungan dan primate yang terancam punah.
BAB 8 mengemukakan tentang pentingnya bipedalisme ke manusia, fosil Sahelanthropus, penemuan Ardipithecus ("Ardi"), serta Tools Oldowan. BAB 9 membahas dinding tulang H. erectus tengkorak dapat memberitahu tentang perilaku mereka, alat penyusunan Acheulian, penemuan fosil terbaru di gua Spanyol serta bagaimana H. Floresiensis berjalan. BAB 10 berfokus pada manusia modern, munculnya modernitas perilaku, kemajuan teknologi, glasial mundur, seni gua, pengendapan Australia
dan Amerika, dan orang-orang dari Pacific. BAB 11 diskusi domestikasi yang menyebar dan pertanian di seluruh dunia. BAB 12 stratifikasi dan negara. BAB 13 membahas antropolog budaya dalam komunitas global, Clyde Kluckhohn ini pandangan tentang peran pelayanan publik antropologi dan antropolog belajar terorisme. BAB 14 mengemukakan hubungan antara bahasa dan budaya serta permintaan untuk konten Web dalam bahasa lokal. BAB 15 membahas etnis sebagai pergeseran, identitas budaya ditentukan, kebingungan antara ras dan etnis dalam wacana populer, termasuk diskusi tentang
Sotomayor dengar pendapat kerahasiaan knis dan kontroversi serta tentang genotipe dan fenotipe di Brasil. BAB 16 mengemukakan konflik budaya antara pekerjaan dan keluarga di Amerika serta dampak deforestasi dan perubahan iklim di budaya asli. BAB 17 mengemukakan berbagai tingkatan kontrol politik (lokal / suku vs negara / nasional) yang paling kontemporer masyarakat hidup di bawah.
BAB 18 diskusi kesetaraan gender / ketidaksetaraan di Amerika saat ini, peran gender dan pembagian kerja, wanita komputer kereta di kota-kota besar India dan alternative gender. BAB 19 mengemukakan definisi keluarga kontemporer di negara Bagian Amerika. BAB 20 mengemukakan Informasi terbaru tentang hokum pernikahan- gay di Amerika Serikat serta mahar. BAB 21 membahas tentang pemain bisbol dan pemikiran magis, perayaan Ulang tahun ke-100 Claude L EVI-Strauss, dan penilaian karya hidupnya. BAB 22 mengemukakan dari pecah tersebut media massa AS dan budaya AS, departementalisasi seni dalam budaya Barat, serta kelas di Amerika dan media massa Brasil.
BAB 23 diskusi globalisasi budaya dan perdagangan, dan BAB 24 bumi sebagai Unit global, bukan kompilasi unit nasional.
Daftar Isi:
List of Boxes xx
About the Author xxii
Preface xxiii
PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGY
1 What Is Anthropology? 2
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 4
Human Diversity 4
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: “Give Me a Hug” 6
General Anthropology 8
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology 9
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields 13
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Changing Places, Changing Identities 13
Applied Anthropology 15
The Scientifi c Method 15
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Anthropologist’s Son Elected President 16
Summary 20
Key Terms 21
Test Yourself! 21
Suggested Additional Readings 23
2 Culture 24
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 26
What Is Culture? 27
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Remote and Poked, Anthropology’s Dream Tribe 30
Culture’s Evolutionary Basis 32
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Bulgarian Hospitality 33
Universality, Generality, and Particularity 35
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice 37
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culture Clash: Makah
Seek Return to Whaling Past 40
Mechanisms of Cultural Change 42
Globalization 43
Summary 44
Key Terms 45
Test Yourself! 45
Suggested Additional Readings 47
3 Applying Anthropology 48
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 50
The Role of the Applied Anthropologist 52
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Archaeologist in New Orleans Finds a Way to Help the
Living 54
Development Anthropology 54
Equity 55
Strategies for Innovation 56
Overinnovation 56
Underdifferentiation 57
Indigenous Models 57
Anthropology and Education 58
Urban Anthropology 59
Urban versus Rural 59
Medical Anthropology 61
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Culturally Appropriate Marketing 64
Anthropology and Business 64
Careers and Anthropology 65
Summary 66
Key Terms 67
Test Yourself! 67
Suggested Additional Readings 69
4 Studying the Past 70
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 72
Ethics 73
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: The Kennewick Conundrum 74
Methods 76
Survey and Excavation 79
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Urge to Cooperate Appears to be Innate and Basic to Human
Society and Culture 80
Kinds of Archaeology 83
Dating the Past 84
Summary 88
Key Terms 88
Test Yourself! 89
Suggested Additional Readings 91
5 Evolution and Genetics 92
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 94
Evolution 95
Genetics 97
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Intelligent Design versus Evolutionary Theory 98
Biochemical, or Molecular, Genetics 101
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution 103
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: H1N1 Anyone? 106
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Adoption in Ukraine and the United States (a Ukrainian
Student’s View) 109
The Modern Synthesis 109
Summary 111
Key Terms 111
Test Yourself! 112
Suggested Additional Readings 113
6 Human Variation and Adaptation 114
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 116
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology 116
Races Are Not Biologically Distinct 117
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Ghana’s Uneasy
Embrace of Slavery’s Diaspora 118
Genetic Markers Don’t Correlate with Phenotype 121
Explaining Skin Color 121
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Thinking about Race 122
Human Biological Adaptation 124
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Adapting to Thin Air 128
Summary 131
Key Terms 131
Test Yourself! 132
Suggested Additional Readings 133
7 The Primates 134
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 136
Our Place among Primates 137
Homologies and Analogies 138
Primate Tendencies 139
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Wild Orangutans Learn Tool Use 140
Prosimians 141
Monkeys 142
New World Monkeys 143
Old World Monkeys 143
Apes 144
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Endangered Primates 148
Behavioral Ecology and Fitness 150
Primate Evolution 150
Chronology 150
Early Primates 151
Miocene Hominoids 154
Summary 156
Key Terms 157
Test Yourself! 157
Suggested Additional Readings 159
8 Early Hominins 160
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 162
What Makes Us Human? 162
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Ethiopian Paleontologist Discovers “Lucy’s Baby” 164
Teeth 164
Chronology of Hominin Evolution 165
Who Were the Earliest Hominins? 166
The Varied Australopithecines 170
The Australopithecines and Early Homo 177
Oldowan Tools 179
Summary 180
Key Terms 181
Test Yourself! 181
Suggested Additional Readings 183
9 Archaic Homo 184
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 186
Early Homo 187
Out of Africa I: H. erectus 189
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Headstrong Hominins 190
Archaic H. Sapiens 194
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Fossils in Spain Are Treasure-Trove for Scientists 196
The Neandertals 198
Homo Floresiensis 201
Summary 202
Key Terms 203
Test Yourself! 203
Suggested Additional Readings 205
10 The Origin and Spread of Modern Humans 206
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 208
Modern Humans 208
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Improved Science Puts Modern Humans in EuropeEarlier 212
The Advent of Behavioral Modernity 212
Advances in Technology 215
Glacial Retreat 216
Cave Art 217
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: South African Cave Provides Earliest Evidence for Modern
Behavior 218
The Settling of Australia 219
Settling the Americas 221
The Peopling of the Pacifi c 223
Summary 226
Key Terms 227
Test Yourself! 227
Suggested Additional Readings 229
11 The First Farmers 230
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 232
The Mesolithic 233
The Neolithic 234
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East 235
Other Old World Food Producers 238
The First American Farmers 241
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: The Early Origin of New World Domestication 244
Explaining the Neolithic 246
Costs and Benefi ts 248
Summary 250
Key Terms 251
Test Yourself! 251
Suggested Additional Readings 253
12 The First Cities and States 254
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 256
The Origin of the State 256
Attributes of States 259
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Pseudo- Archaeology 260
State Formation in the Middle East 260
Other Early States 268
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The Hanging Roadways of Ancient Peru 270
State Formation in Mesoamerica 272
Warfare and State Formation: The Zapotec Case 273
States in the Valley of Mexico 274
Why States Collapse 276
The Maya Decline 276
Summary 277
Key Terms 278
Test Yourself! 278
Suggested Additional Readings 279
13 Method and Theory in Cultural Anthropology 280
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 282
Ethnography: Anthropology’s Distinctive Strategy 283
Ethnographic Techniques 283
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock 284
Survey Research 290
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Should Anthropologists Study Terrorism? 292
Theory in Anthropology over Time 294
Anthropology Today 304
Summary 306
Key Terms 307
Test Yourself! 307
Suggested Additional Readings 309
14 Language and Communication 310
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 312
What is Language? 312
Nonhuman Primate Communication 313
Nonverbal Communication 315
The Structure of Language 317
Language, Thought, and Culture 318
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: It’s All in the Nickname 321
Sociolinguistics 321
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Googling Locally 322
Historical Linguistics 328
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Using Modern Technology to Preserve Linguistic and
Cultural Diversity 330
Summary 331
Key Terms 331
Test Yourself! 332
Suggested Additional Readings 333
15 Ethnicity and Race 334
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 336
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity 337
Race and Ethnicity 338
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: What’s Wrong with Race? 340
The Social Construction of Race 341
Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities 347
Ethnic Tolerance and Accommodation 347
Roots of Ethnic Confl ict 350
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The Basques 352
Chips in the Mosaic 354
Aftermaths of Oppression 355
Summary 356
Key Terms 357
Test Yourself! 357
Suggested Additional Readings 359
16 Making a Living 360
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 362
Adaptive Strategies 362
Foraging 363
Cultivation 367
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: A World on Fire 370
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Children, Parents, and Family Economics 372
Pastoralism 372
Modes of Production 374
Economizing and Maximization 377
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Scarcity and the Betsileo 378
Distribution, Exchange 380
Potlatching 382
Summary 385
Key Terms 385
Test Yourself! 386
Suggested Additional Readings 387
PART 2 PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOG
17 Political Systems 388
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 390
What is “The Political”? 390
Types and Trends 391
Bands and Tribes 392
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Yanomami Update: Venezuela Takes Charge, Problems Arise 396
Chiefdoms 402
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Comparing Political Parties in Guatemala and the United
States 404
States 405
Social Control 408
Summary 412
Key Terms 413
Test Yourself! 413
Suggested Additional Readings 415
18 Gender 416
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 418
Sex and Gender 418
Recurrent Gender Patterns 420
Gender among Foragers 412
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: A Women’s Train for India 424
Gender among Horticulturalists 426
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Motherhood as the Key Component of Female Identity in
Serbia 429
Gender among Agriculturalists 431
Patriarchy and Violence 432
Gender and Industrialism 432
Sexual Orientation 435
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Hidden Women, Public Men–Public Women,
Hidden Men 436
Summary 439
Key Terms 440
Test Yourself! 440
Suggested Additional Readings 442
19 Families, Kinship, and Descent 444
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 446
Families 446
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Social Security, Kinship Style 450
Descent 454
Kinship Calculation 456
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: When Are Two Dads Better than One?—When the Women
Are in Charge 458
Kinship Terminology 459
Summary 463
Key Terms 463
Test Yourself! 463
Suggested Additional Readings 465
20 Marriage 466
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 468
What Is Marriage? 468
Incest and Exogamy 469
Explaining the Taboo 471
Endogamy 473
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Families, Kinship, and Descent (a Turkmen Student
Writes) 475
Marital Rights and Same-Sex
Marriage 475
Marriage as Group Alliance 477
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Love and Marriage 478
Divorce 482
Plural Marriages 483
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Five Wives and 55 Children 484
Summary 486
Key Terms 487
Test Yourself! 487
Suggested Additional Readings 489
21 Religion 490
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 492
What Is Religion? 492
Origins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion 493
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: A Parisian Celebration and a Key Tourist Destination 498
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Driven by Religion or by Popular Culture 500
Religion and Cultural Ecology 500
Sacred Cattle in India 500
Social Control 501
Kinds of Religion 503
Religion in States 504
World Religions 505
Religion and Change 506
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Islam Expanding Globally, Adapting Locally 508
Secular Rituals 512
Summary 512
Key Terms 513
Test Yourself! 513
Suggested Additional Readings 515
22 Arts, Media, and Sports 516
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 518
What Is Art? 518
Art, Society, and Culture 523
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Visual Arts in Hong Kong and the United States 526
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: I’ll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little R2 530
Media and Culture 533
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: What Ever Happened to Class? 536
Sports and Culture 538
Summary 542
Key Terms 543
Test Yourself! 543
Suggested Additional Readings 545
23 The World System and Colonialism 546
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 548
The World System 549
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: Bones Reveal Some Truth in “Noble Savage” Myth 550
Industrialization 552
Socioeconomic Effects of Industrialization 554
THROUGH THE EYES OF OTHERS: Education and Colonialism 556
Colonialism 556
Development 560
The Second World 561
The World System Today 563
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Is Mining Sustainable? 564
Summary 567
Key Terms 568
Test Yourself! 568
Suggested Additional Readings 570
24 Global Issues Today 572
UNDERSTANDING OURSELVES 574
Global Climate Change 575
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY: The Plight of Climate Refugees 576
Environmental Anthropology 579
Interethnic Contact 584
Making and Remaking Culture 587
APPRECIATING ANTHROPOLOGY: Giving up the American Dream 590
Indigenous Peoples 592
The Continuance of Diversity 594
Summary 594
Key Terms 594
Test Yourself! 595
Suggested Additional Readings 597
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