Sherlock’s Diseases of The Liver and Biliary System 12th Edition
Buku diterbitkan Tahun 2011 oleh Blackwell Publishing Ltd adalah buku Edisi Duabelas
Judul: Sherlock’s Diseases of The Liver and Biliary System 12th Edition
Pengarang: James S. Dooley, et al (Editor)
Penerbit: Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Tahun: 2011
Jumlah Halaman: 788 hal.
Editor:
JAMES S. DOOLEY
Centre for Hepatology
University College London Medical School and
Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre
Royal Free Hospital
London
UK
ANNA S. F. LOK
Division of Gastroenterology
University of Michigan Health System
Ann Arbor
USA
ANDREW K. BURROUGHS
Royal Free Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre
Royal Free Hospital;
University College London
London
UK
E. JENNY HEATHCOTE
Division of Gastroenterology
University Health Network
University of Toronto
Toronto
Ontario
Canada
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Edisi 12 th berisi lebih dari 2.240 referensi baru dan lebih dari 130 topik baru. Setiap bab dimulai
dengan poin pembelajaran. Karya seni sebelumnya telah diformat ulang, di samping tokoh-tokoh baru dan tabel. Buku ini ditujukan untuk pembaca yang luas di seluruh siswa, peserta pelatihan, umum dan dokter spesialis. Buku ini terdiri atas 37 Bab.
Daftar Isi:
List of Contributors, xi
Preface to the Twelfth Edition, xv
Preface to the First Edition, xvi
1 Anatomy and Function, 1
Jay H. Lefkowitch
Development of the liver and bile ducts, 1
Anatomy of the liver, 1
Functional liver anatomy: sectors and segments, 3
Anatomical abnormalities of the liver, 4
Anatomy of the biliary tract, 5
Surface marking, 6
Methods of examination, 6
Microanatomy of the liver, 7
Hepatic ultrastructure (electron microscopy) and organelle functions, 11
Functional heterogeneity of the liver, 15
Dynamics of the hepatic microenvironment in physiology and disease, 16
Hepatocyte death and regeneration, 17
References, 18
2 Assessment of Liver Function, 20
Sandeep Mukherjee & John L. Gollan
Selection of biochemical tests, 20
Bile pigments, 21
Serum enzyme tests, 22
Quantitative assessment of hepatic function, 25
Lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, 25
Bile acids, 27
Amino acid metabolism, 30
Plasma proteins, 30
Carbohydrate metabolism, 33
Effects of ageing on the liver, 33
References, 34
3 Biopsy of the Liver, 36
David Patch & Amar Paul Dhillon
Selection and preparation of the patient, 36
Techniques, 37
Risks and complications, 40
Sampling variability, 41
Naked-eye appearances, 43
Preparation of the specimen, 43
Interpretation, 43
Indications, 43
Special methods, 45
References, 46
4 Haematological Disorders of the Liver, 48
Pramod K. Mistry & Dhanpat Jain
The liver and blood coagulation, 50
Haemolytic jaundice, 53
The liver in haemolytic anaemias, 54
The liver in myelo- and lymphoproliferative disease, 57
Leukaemia, 57
Bone marrow transplantation, 57
Lymphoma, 58
Lipid storage diseases, 62
References, 66
5 Acute Liver Failure, 70
Shannan R. Tujios & William M. Lee
Defi nition, 70
Epidemiology and aetiologies, 71
Clinical features, 74
Initial investigations, 75
Complications and management of acute liver failure, 77
Specifi c therapies, 84
Prognosis, 86
Liver transplantation, 86
Liver support systems, 88
Conclusion, 88
References, 89
6 Hepatic Fibrogenesis, 94
Meena B. Bansal & Scott L. Friedman
Introduction, 94
Natural history of hepatic fi brosis, 94
Cellular and molecular features of hepatic fi brosis, 95
Clinical aspects of hepatic fi brosis, 100
Emerging antifi brotic targets and strategies, 101
References, 101
7 Hepatic Cirrhosis, 103
P. Aiden McCormick
Definition, 103
Causes of cirrhosis, 103
Anatomical diagnosis, 104
Reversible cirrhosis, 106
Clinical cirrhosis: compensated versus decompensated, 106
Vasodilatation and hyperdynamic circulation, 108
Prognosis (Child–Pugh score, MELD, UKELD), 110
Clinical and pathological associations, 111
Management, 117
References, 118
8 Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients with Cirrhosis, 121
Marsha Y. Morgan
Classifi cation, 121
Diagnosis, 124
Differential diagnosis, 130
Hepatic encephalopathy and liver transplantation, 131
Management of hepatic encephalopathy, 139
Prevention, 146
References, 146
9 The Hepatic Artery, Portal Venous System and Portal Hypertension: the Hepatic Veins and
Liver in Circulatory Failure, 152
Andrew K. Burroughs
The hepatic artery, 152
The portal venous system, 156
Haemodynamics of portal hypertension, 160
Clinical features of portal hypertension, 162
Diagnosis of varices, 163
Imaging the portal venous system, 166
Classifi cation of portal hypertension, 17
Presinusoidal intrahepatic and sinusoidal portal hypertension, 176
Bleeding oesophageal varices, 179
Management of acute variceal bleeding, 181
The hepatic veins, 189
Budd–Chiari (hepatic venous obstruction) syndrome, 191
Circulatory failure, 197
References, 202
10 Ascites, 210
Guadalupe Garcia-Tsao
Mechanisms of ascites formation, 210
Clinical features, 213
Differential diagnosis, 215
Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, 216
Treatment of cirrhotic ascites, 218
Hyponatraemia, 222
Refractory ascites, 223
Hepatorenal syndrome, 224
Prognosis, 228
References, 228
11 Jaundice and Cholestasis, 234
Elwyn Elias
Introduction, 234
Physiology and pathophysiology, 235
Syndrome of cholestasis, 240
Investigation of the jaundiced patient, 245
Differential diagnosis, 247
Treatment, 249
Familial non-haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemias, 250
References, 254
12 Gallstones and Benign Biliary Diseases, 257
James S. Dooley
Imaging, 258
Composition of gallstones, 261
Factors in cholesterol stone formation, 264
Pigment gallstones, 26
Acute calculous cholecystitis, 267
Empyema of the gallbladder, 26
Acalculous cholecystitis, 270
Cholecystectomy, 271
Postcholecystectomy bile duct damage, 273
Postcholecystectomy syndromes, 275
Non-surgical treatment of gallstones in the gallbladder, 276
Other gallbladder pathology, 277
Biliary fi stulae, 279
Gallstone ileus, 280
Bile peritonitis, 280
Association between cholecystectomy and colorectal cancer, 281
Common duct stones, 281
Management of duct stones, 282
Haemobilia, 285
Bile duct–bowel anastomotic stricture, 285
Chronic pancreatitis, 286
Primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune pancreatitis, 287
Bile duct pathology following liver transplantation, 287
References, 287
13 Malignant Biliary Diseases, 294
Rahul S. Koti & Brian R. Davidson
Carcinoma of the gallbladder, 294
Carcinoma of the bile duct (cholangiocarcinoma), 296
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 302
Other biliary malignancies, 302
Metastases at the hilum, 302
Periampullary carcinoma, 302
Conclusions, 308
References, 308
14 Cysts and Congenital Biliary Abnormalities, 312
Giorgina Mieli-Vergani & Nedim Hadžic´
Fibropolycystic diseases, 312
Adult polycystic disease, 314
Congenital hepatic fi brosis, 316
Caroli’s disease, 318
Microhamartoma (von Meyenberg complexes), 319
Choledochal cysts, 320
Congenital anomalies of the biliary tract, 322
References, 326
15 Primary Biliary Cirrhosis, 329
Margaret F. Bassendine
Clinical features, 329
Diagnosis, 332
Aetiology, 335
Epidemiology and genetics, 336
Treatment, 337
Prognosis, 338
References, 338
16 Sclerosing Cholangitis, 342
Simon Rushbrook & Roger W. Chapman
Introduction, 342
Primary sclerosing cholangitis, 342
Secondary sclerosing cholangitis, 348
References, 350
17 Enterically Transmitted Viral Hepatitis: Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E, 353
Peter Karayiannis & Howard C. Thomas
General features of enterically transmitted viral hepatitis, 353
Hepatitis A virus, 358
Hepatitis E virus, 362
References, 364
18 Hepatitis B, 367
Anna S. F. Lok
Introduction, 367
Immune response and mechanisms of hepatic injury, 369
Epidemiology, 370
Prevention, 371
Diagnosis, 374
Clinical manifestations, 376
Natural history, 377
Treatment, 380
References, 389
19 Hepatitis D, 393
Patrizia Farci
History, 393
Epidemiology, 395
Pathogenesis, 396
Modes of infection and clinical course, 396
Diagnosis, 399
Treatment, 400
Prevention, 403
References, 403
20 Hepatitis C, 406
Geoffrey Dusheiko
Introduction, 406
Virology, 408
Pathology and pathogenesis, 409
Diagnostic tests for hepatitis C, 410
Acute hepatitis C, 411
Chronic hepatitis C, 412
References, 424
21 Hepatitis due to Non-A–E Viruses, 427
Antonio Craxì & Rosa Di Stefano
General features of non-A–E hepatitides, 427
Hepatotropic viruses, 429
Systemic viral infections that often cause transient liver involvement, 431
References, 435
22 HIV and the Liver, 438
Marion G. Peters & Vincent Soriano
Viral hepatitis and human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) infection, 438
Cirrhosis and liver transplantation, 444
HIV-associated opportunistic infections and the liver, 444
HIV-associated neoplasms of the liver, 446
Antiretroviral-related liver injury in HIV, 446
References, 448
23 Autoimmune Hepatitis and Overlap Syndromes, 452
Gideon M. Hirschfi eld & E. Jenny Heathcote
Introduction, 452
Disease overview, 452
Biological determinants of disease, 454
Disease presentation, 455
Laboratory features, 457
Imaging, 459
Liver biopsy and histological features, 459
Differential diagnosis, 461
Diagnostic dilemmas, 463
Making a diagnosis in practice, 463
Management strategies, 464
Pregnancy and autoimmune hepatitis, 468
Contraception choices for patients with autoimmune hepatitis, 469
The elderly and autoimmune hepatitis, 469
Childhood-onset autoimmune hepatitis, 469
Autoimmune hepatitis and liver transplantation, 471
Overlap syndromes, 471
Conclusion, 475
References, 475
24 Drug-Induced Liver Injury, 478
Leonard B. Seeff & Robert J. Fontana
Introduction, 478
Worldwide epidemiology, 479
Expressions of hepatotoxicity, 481
Classification of hepatotoxicity, 482
Predictors of susceptibility and outcome in druginduced liver injury, 483
Mechanisms of injury, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, 484
Diagnostic approaches and causality assessment of drug-induced liver injury, 487
Clinical and biochemical presentations of drug-induced liver disease, 488
Assessment of suspected drug-induced liver disease, 489
Assessing causality for drug-induced liver disease, 489
Medical management, 491
Liver injury from specifi c drugs, 491
References, 499
25 Alcohol and the Liver, 507
Stephen Stewart & Chris Day
Introduction, 507
Alcohol metabolism, 507
Pathogenesis, 508
Susceptibility, 510
Histological features, 511
Clinical features, 513
Clinical syndromes, 516
Prognosis, 517
Treatment, 517
References, 519
26 Iron Overload States, 521
Paul Adams
Normal iron metabolism, 521
Iron overload and liver damage, 523
Genetic haemochromatosis, 523
Other iron storage diseases, 530
References, 531
27 Wilson’s Disease, 534
Eve A. Roberts
Molecular genetics: pathogenesis, 534
Pathology, 536
Clinical picture, 537
Genetic strategies, 539
Diagnostic diffi culties, 540
Treatment, 540
Prognosis, 542
Indian childhood cirrhosis, 543
References, 543
28 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nutrition, 546
Stephen H. Caldwell & Curtis K. Argo
Introduction, 546
Clinical features, 548
Laboratory testing, 549
Mitochondriopathies and lipodystrophy, 549
Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 549
Pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 550
The natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-NASH
fatty liver), 556
Therapy of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 558
Other forms of non-alcoholic fatty liver, 560
References, 561
29 The Liver in the Neonate, in Infancy and Childhood, 568
Deirdre A. Kelly
Investigation of liver disease in children, 568
Neonatal jaundice, 569
Neonatal liver disease (conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia), 571
Neonatal hepatitis syndrome, 574
Inherited disease in the neonate, 576
Genetic cholestatic syndromes, 578
Structural abnormalities: biliary atresia and choledochal cyst, 580
Acute liver failure in infancy, 583
Liver disease in older children, 585
Metabolic disease in older children, 587
Cirrhosis and portal hypertension, 594
Liver transplantation, 594
Tumours of the liver, 595
References, 596
30 The Liver in Pregnancy, 602
Andrew K. Burroughs & E. Jenny Heathcote
Normal pregnancy, 602
Liver disease in pregnancy, 602
Diseases specifi c to pregnancy, 602
Diseases of late pregnancy, 603
Pregnancy in those with acute or chronic liver disease, 608
Hepatotoxic drugs and the pregnant woman, 609
Pre-existing liver disease, 610
Pregnancy in liver transplant recipients, 611
References, 611
31 The Liver in Systemic Disease, 615
Humphrey J. F. Hodgson
Collagen-vascular and autoimmune disorders, 615
Hepatic granulomas, 616
The liver in diabetes mellitus, 622
Liver and thyroid, 622
Liver and adrenal, 623
Liver and growth hormone, 623
Amyloidosis, 623
Porphyrias, 626
Non-metastatic complications of malignancy, 628
Bone-marrow/stem cell transplantation; graft-versushost disease, 629
References, 629
32 The Liver in Infections, 632
Christopher C. Kibbler
Introduction, 632
Hepatic amoebiasis, 635
Tuberculosis of the liver, 637
Hepatic actinomycosis, 638
Syphilis of the liver, 639
Perihepatitis, 640
Relapsing fever, 643
Fungal infections, 644
Schistosomiasis (bilharzia), 645
Malaria, 647
Kala-azar (visceral leishmaniasis), 648
Hydatid disease, 648
Ascariasis, 652
Strongyloides stercoralis, 654
Trichinosis, 654
Toxocara canis (visceral larva migrans), 654
Liver flukes, 654
References, 656
33 Space-Occupying Lesions: the Diagnostic Approach, 660
Neil H. Davies & Dominic Yu
Ultrasound, 660
Computed tomography, 661
Magnetic resonance imaging, 663
Radioisotope scanning, 666
Positron emission tomography, 667
MR spectroscopy, 668
Conclusions and choice of imaging technique, 669
References, 669
34 Benign Liver Tumours, 671
Ian R. Wanless
Diagnosis of focal liver lesions, 671
Hepatocellular tumours, 671
Biliary and cystic lesions, 676
Mesenchymal tumours, 677
References, 678
35 Primary Malignant Neoplasms of the Liver, 681
Morris Sherman
Hepatocellular carcinoma, 681
Cholangiocarcinoma, 696
Other malignant neoplasms of the liver, 698
References, 698
36 Hepatic Transplantation, 704
Andrew K. Burroughs & James O’Beirne
Selection of patients, 704
Candidates: outcome, 706
Absolute and relative contraindications, 712
General preparation of the patient, 713
The recipient operation, 714
Immunosuppression, 716
Postoperative course, 717
Post-transplantation complications, 718
Conclusion, 726
References, 726
37 Liver Transplantation in Patients with Hepatitis B, C or HIV Infection, 731
Norah Terrault
Introduction, 731
Hepatitis B and liver transplantation, 731
Hepatitis C and liver transplantation, 735
HIV and liver transplantation, 740
References, 741
Index, 747
Companion Website
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