Monday, January 26, 2015

Conformity and Conflict Reading in Cultural Antropology Fourteenth Edition



Conformity and Conflict Reading in Cultural Antropology Fourteenth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan pertama kali pada tahun 2012  oleh Pearson Education, Inc. adalah buku edisi Empatbelas



Judul:  Conformity and Conflict Reading in Cultural Antropology
Fourteenth Edition
Oleh:  James Spradley, et al
Penerbit:   Pearson Education, Inc.
Tahun: 2012
Jumlah Halaman: 428  hal.

Penulis:

JAMES SPRADLEY
DAVID W. MCCURDY

Macalester College

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini terdiri  atas 40 Bab. Yang baru dalam edisi ini meliputi:

•     Ada delapan artikel baru, dan dua pilihan telah dibawa kembali dari edisi sebelumnya.
•     Lima artikel ditemukan dalam edisi ketiga belas juga telah direvisi dan diperbarui.
•     Empat dari delapan artikel baru telah ditulis terutama untuk edisi keempat belas membuat empat belas
      artikel asli sama sekali.
•     Bagian 2, Bahasa dan Komunikasi, telah direvisi untuk memasukkan definisi dan diskusi dari dua  
       konsep  baru, metafora dan framing simbolik. Ini juga termasuk artikel baru pada kebangkitan   
       hipotesis  Sapir-Whorf oleh linguis, Guy Deutscher.
•     Bagian 3, Subsistence dan Ekologi, berisi artikel baru membandingkan Eskimo berburu pengetahuan
       untuk struktur penyelidikan ilmiah. Ini juga mencakup artikel oleh Jared Diamond tentang asal-usul
      dan penyebaran penyakit yang dibawa kerumunan kembali dari edisi sebelumnya. Artikel Richard
      Reed  Pembangunan Hutan diperbarui.
•     Bagian 6, Identitas, Peran, dan Grup, berisi dua artikel baru. Yang pertama, pilihan asli oleh Brenda
       Mann, melihat bagaimana internet digunakan oleh pengusaha dan pencari kerja untuk membentuk
      dan identitas pekerjaan ini. Yang kedua, oleh Lila Abu-Lughod mendesak wanita Amerika untuk
       bekerja bagi keadilan di dunia, tidak menyimpan perempuan Muslim mengenakan burqa. Dianna
       Shandy dan Karine Artikel Moe diperbarui untuk mencerminkan tren terbaru dalam keputusan
       perempuan tentang pekerjaan dan keluarga.
•     Bagian 9, Globalisasi, sekarang termasuk pilihan asli oleh Arjun Guneratne dan Kate Bjork pariwisata
       dari sudut pandang asli di Nepal, dan membawa lain kembali dari edisi sebelumnya oleh Theodore
       Bestor tentang dampak dunia sushi. Artikel Dianna Shandy mengenai pengungsi juga telah diperbarui
       untuk mencerminkan baru-baru ini memilih kemerdekaan di Sudan Selatan.
•     Bagian 10, Budaya Perubahan dan Terapan Antropologi, dimulai dengan sebuah artikel pada masalah
      Peace Corps di Botswanna oleh Hoyt Alverson. Hal ini diikuti oleh baru Artikel asli oleh antropolog
      medis, Ron Barrett, tentang sifat kusta dan stigmatisasi di Banaras (Varanasi) India Utara, dan satu lagi
      Artikel asli oleh Rachael Stryker antropologi kepentingan umum di tempat kerja dalam
      studi tentang narapidana perempuan pelayanan kesehatan diberikan dalam dua Penjara California.

Daftar Isi:

World Map and Geographical Placement of Readings inside cover
Preface xiii

ONE  Culture and Ethnography 1
1     Ethnography and Culture 6
       JAMES P. SPRADLEY
       To discover culture, the ethnographer must learn from the informant as a student.
2     Eating Christmas in the Kalahari 13
       RICHARD BORSHAY LEE
       The “generous” gift of a Christmas ox involves the anthropologist in a classic case of cross-cultural
        misunderstanding.
3     Fieldwork on Prostitution in the Era of AIDS 20
       CLAIRE E. STERK
       Fieldwork among urban prostitutes means doing ethnography under difficult but, in the end,
       manageable   circumstances.
4     Nice Girls Don’t Talk to Rastas 31
       GEORGE GMELCH
       Interaction between a U.S. student and a Rastafarian illustrates the destructive power of naïve realism
       in the fieldwork setting.

TWO  Language and Communication 37
5     Shakespeare in the Bush 41
       LAURA BOHANNAN
       Cross-cultural communication breaks down when an anthropologist attempts to translate the meaning
       of Hamlet to the Tiv.
6     Whorf Revisited: You Are What You Speak 49
       GUY DEUTSCHER
       New evidence supports Benjamin Lee Whorf’s contention that peoples’ mother tongue can shape
       their experience of the world.
7     Manipulating Meaning: The Military Name Game 57
       SARAH BOXER
       To frame the meaning of its military operations, U.S. armed forces try to name them positively without
       offending anyone.
8     Conversation Style: Talking on the Job 61
       DEBORAH TANNEN
       On the job, men and women use distinctive conversation styles to ask for help, leading them to
       evaluate performance and character differently.

THREE  Ecology and Subsistence 69
9     The Hunters: Scarce Resources in the Kalahari 73

       RICHARD BORSHAY LEE
       !Kung and other foragers traditionally worked less and ate better than many other people with more  
       “advanced” food producing techniques. Today, however, their survival depends more on drilling
        wells and keeping cattle than on collecting wild foods.
10   Eskimo Science 87
       RICHARD NELSON
       The knowledge developed by Eskimos to hunt successfully contains the same basic principles that
        underlie a more formally structured scientific method.
11   Domestication and the Evolution of Disease 93
       JARED DIAMOND
       Herd animal diseases that evolved to infect humans have ended up killing millions of people in the
       old and new world.
12   Forest Development the Indian Way 105
       RICHARD K. REED
       South American governments could learn much about tropical forest development from the Amazonian
       Indians who live there.

FOUR Economic Systems 115
13   Reciprocity and the Power of Giving 119

       LEE CRONK
       Gifts not only function to tie people together, they may also be used to “flatten” an opponent and
       control the behavior of others.
14   Poverty at Work: Office Employment and the Crack Alternative 125
       PHILIPPE BOURGOIS
       Poor, uneducated Puerto Rican men living in Spanish Harlem feel that the risks they run selling drugs
       are preferable to the disrespect they encounter as low-wage employees in New York’s financial and
       service companies.
15   Cocaine and the Economic Deterioration of Bolivia 136
       JACK WEATHERFORD
       The world market for cocaine robs Bolivian villages of their men and causes problems for health,
       nutrition, transportation, and family.
16   Malawi versus the World Bank 145
       SONIA PATTEN
       Malawi government’s successful state subsidized fertilizer program challenges the World Bank and
       IMF’s insistence on market-driven agricultural programs.

FIVE  Kinship and Family 151
17   Mother’s Love: Death without Weeping 155
       NANCY SCHEPER-HUGHES
       Close mother-child bonds suffered in the presence of high infant mortality in a Brazilian shantytown 
       although recent changes have reduced the problem to some degree.
18   Family and Kinship in Village India 165
       DAVID W. MCCURDY
       Kinship still organizes the lives of Bhil villagers despite economic opportunities that draw people away
       from the community and dependence on relatives.
19   Polyandry: When Brothers Take a Wife 172
       MELVYN C. GOLDSTEIN
       By jointly marrying one woman, Tibetan brothers preserve family resources and the “good life.”
20   Uterine Families and the Women’s Community 179
       MARGERY WOLF
       To succeed in a traditional patrilineal family, a Chinese woman had to create her own informal uterine
       family inside her husband’s household.

SIX  Identity, Roles, and Groups 185
21   You@Work: Jobs, Identity, and the Internet 189

       BRENDA MANN
       Topday’s U.S. job mobility requires “branding” one’s identity through careful use of the Internet.
22   The Opt-Out Phenomenon: Women, Work, and Identity in America 197
       DIANNA SHANDY AND KARINE MOE
       Why were young, educated professional women leaving high-paying jobs for a life at home and
       what difference has today’s tough economy made?
23   Do Muslim Women Really Need Saving? 208
       LILA ABU-LUGHOD
       Americans should work for justice in the world, not save Muslim women from wearing burqas or
       following their Islamic religion.
24   Mixed Blood 217
       JEFFERSON M. FISH
       A woman can change her race from black to “brunette” by taking a plane from New York to Brazil.

SEVEN Law and Politics 227
25   Cross-Cultural Law: The Case of the Gypsy Offender 230

       ANNE SUTHERLAND
       Legal cultures clash when a young Gypsy is convicted of using someone else’s social security number
       to apply for a car loan.
26   Life without Chiefs 238
       MARVIN HARRIS
       Small societies based on reciprocal and redistributive economic exchange can do without officials.
27   The Founding Indian Fathers 246
       JACK WEATHERFORD
       Although their contribution goes unrecognized, Indian, especially Iroquoian, political structure may
       have  served as a model that helped to produce a United States federal government.

EIGHT Religion, Magic, and World View 255
28   Taraka’s Ghost 260

       STANLEY A. FREED AND RUTH S. FREED
       A woman relieves her anxiety and gains family support when a friend’s ghost possesses her.
29   Baseball Magic 266
       GEORGE GMELCH
       American baseball players from the game’s introduction to today employ magical practices as they try
       to deal with the uncertainty of their game.
30   Run for the Wall: An American Pilgrimage 275
       JILL DUBISCH
       An annual ritual motorcycle pilgrimage from Los Angles to Washington, DC personally transforms
       the Vietnam veterans and others who ride in it.
31   Body Ritual among the Nacirema 287
       HORACE MINER
       The Nacirema display a complex array of body rituals aimed at achieving health and beauty.

NINE Globalization 293
32   How Sushi Went Global 296

       THEODORE C. BESTOR
       International interdependence between tuna fishermen and sushi as a Japanese culinary style becomes
        popular in a globalized world.
33   Village Walks: Tourism and Globalization among the Tharu of Nepal 306
       ARJUN GUNERATNE AND KATE BJORK
       Advertised as a primitive tribe, Tharu villagers endure tours that falsely treat them as part of the
       Chitwan National Forest’s natural history and have responded by building a museum to separate
       their past from the present.
34   The Road to Refugee Resettlement 316
       DIANNA SHANDY
       Nuer refugees must develop the skill and determination to pass through a series of bureaucratic
       hurdles to reach and adjust to life in the United States.
35   Global Women in the New Economy 325
       BARBARA EHRENREICH AND ARLIE RUSSELL HOCHSCHILD
       Millions of women migrate from poor to wealthy nations serving as nannies, maids, and sex workers.
       They send money home but find it hard to separate from their countries and families.

TEN Culture Change and Applied Anthropology 335
36   Advice for Developers: Peace Corps Problems in Botswana 340

       HOYT S. ALVERSON
       An anthropologist discovers why some Peace Corps volunteers fail to complete their assignments
       in rural Botswana, citing perceptions of their role and naïve realism as the basic problems.
37   Medical Anthropology: Leprosy on the Ganges 351
       RON BARRETT
       Indians who contract leprosy find themselves stigmatized for life, causing them to delay treatment
       or amplify symptoms to enhance begging.
38   Public Interest Ethnography: Women’s Prisons and Health Care in California 359
       RACHAEL STRYKER
       Student ethnographers uncover institutional health care problems at two women’s prisons in California
       and suggest changes that result in a revision of state policy.
39   Using Anthropology 371
       DAVID W. MCCURDY
       Professional anthropologists do everything from ethnographies of automobile production lines to
       famine relief, but even the neophyte may be able to use the ideas of culture and ethnography to succeed
       in the workplace.
40   Career Advice for Anthropology Undergraduates 382
       JOHN T. OMOHUNDRO
       The ability to translate useful anthropological skills into “resume speak” is one way for anthropology
       graduates to find employment.

Glossary 391
Photo Credits 397
Text Credits 399
Index 403


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