Tuesday, March 31, 2015

A Text Book of Practical Botany 2






A Text Book of Practical Botany 2: Taxonomy, Economic Botany, Embryology, Anatomy, Ecology, Phisiology, Biostatistics, Citology and Genetics.
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010  oleh  HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd. Adalah buku Edisi Pertama.


Judul:  A Text Book of Practical Botany 2: Taxonomy, Economic Botany, Embryology, Anatomy, Ecology, Phisiology, Biostatistics, Citology and Genetics.
Oleh: Dr. Ashok M. Bendre, et al
Penerbit:   HarperCollins Publishers (Australia) Pty. Ltd.
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman:  464  hal.


Author:
DR. ASHOK M. BENDRE
FORMERLY HEAD,
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY

DR. ASHOK KUMAR
FORMERLY, READER OF BOTANY
MEERUT COLLEGE
MEERUT

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini meliputi: Metode Belajar Angiospermic Tanaman, Deskripsi Tanaman, Tanaman dan Kesejahteraan Manusia, Embriologi Angiospermae, Anatomi, Istilah ilustrasi Istilah Anatomi, Ekologi,
Biostatistik, Sitologi dan Genetika, dan Percobaan dalam Fisiologi  Tanaman.


Daftar Isis:   
1.     Introduction
        Laboratory etiquette (1), Work plan (1), Necessary instruments (1), Microscope (1),
        Other laboratory provisions (3), Laboratory techniques (4), Record of work (8), Collection (9),
        Herbarium (9).  1 -11
2.     The Method of Studying Angiospermic Plant 12 - 52
        Serial List of Characters used to Describe Plants (12); Alternative Terms and Terminology (13 - 45) ;
        Habit (13), Root (14), Stem (14), Leaf (18), Inflorescence (28), Flower (31), Calyx (33).
        Corolla (33), Perianth (35), Androecium (36), Gynoecium (38), Fruits (41);
        Floral Formula (46); Classification and Identification (46); The Diagrams (51).
3.     Description of Plants      53 - 219
        Ranunculaceae (54-58) : Ranunculus scleratus (54), Delphinium ajacis (56), Nigella sativa (56),
        Clematis paniculata (58); Magnoliaceae(58) : Michelia champaca (58); Annonaceae (59) : Annona
        squamosa (59);  Papaveraceae (60-65) : Papaver rhoeas (60), Eschscholzia californica (62),
        Argemone mexicana (64); Fumariaceae (66 - 67) : Fumaria indica (66); Cruciferae (68 -73):
        Brassica campestris (68), Coronopus didymus (70), Iberis amara (72); Capparidaceae (74-77) :  
        Cleome gynandra (74), Gynandropsis pentaphylla (74), Cleome viscosa (76), Cap paris decidua (76);
        Caryophyllaceae (78 - 87) : Stellaria media (78), Spergula arvensis (80), Dianthus caryophyllus (82),
        Silene conoidea(84), Vaccaria pyramidata (86); Malvaceae (88 - 93) : Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (88),     
        Abutilon indicum (90), Malva sylvestris (90), Malvastrum coromandelianum (92), Sida cordifolia (92);
        Tiliaceae (94 - 95) : Corchorus aestuans (94); Rutaceae (96 - 99) : Citrus medica (96), Murraya
        paniculata (98), Murraya koenigii (98);  Meliaceae (100 -101) : Melia azedarach (100);           
        Papilionaceae (102 -107) Sesbania sesban (102), Crotalaria medicaginea (104), Indigofera
        enneaphylla (104), Lathyrus aphaca (106), Melilotus indica (106);
        Caesalpiniaceae (108 -113) : Tamarindus indica (108), Cassia fistula (110), Bauhinia vanegata (112);
        Mirnosaceae (114 -117) : Dichrostachys cinerea (114), Acacia nilotica (116), Mimosa pudica (116);
        Rosaceae (118-121) : Pnlflus persica (118), Potentilla supina (120), Rosa indica (120);
        Myrtaceae (122 -125) : Callistemon citrin us (122), Eucalyptus citriodora (124), Syzygium
        cumini (124); Cucurbitaceae (126 -129) : Coccinia cordi folia (126), Luffa cylindrica (128),
        Cucurbita maxima (128); Urn belli ferae (130 -131) : Coriandrum sativum (130);
        Rubiaceae (132   -137) : Mussaenda luteola (132), Oldenlandia corymbosa (134), Ixora
        coccinea (136), Spemzadictyon suaveolens (136); Cornpositae (138-145) : SOIlC/zUS
        brachyollls (138), Ec/ipta prostrata (140), AReratul7l conyzoides (142), Lali/zea asplenifo/ia (144),
        Hclianthus anlluus (144); Apocynaceae (146-151) : Catharanthus roseus (146), Thevetia
        peruviana (148), Tabemaemontana divaricata (150); Asclepiadaceae (152 -157): Calotropis
        procera (152), Cryptostegia grandiflora (154), Asclepias curassavica (156);
        Convolvulaceae (158 -163) : Convolvulus microphyllus (158), Cuscuta reflexa (160),
        Ipomoea fistulosa (162), Ipomoea cairica (162); Solanaceae (164 -169) : Solanum nigrum (164),
        Withania somnifera (166), Datura stramonium (166), Cestrum noctumum (168), Petunia
        nyctaginiflora (168); Scrophulariaceae (170 -173): Mazus pumilus (170), Veronica anagallis -
        aquatica (172), Lindenbergia indica (172); Acanthaceae (174 -179) : Justicia gendarussa (174),  
        Adhatoda vasica (176), Dipterocanthus prostratus (176), Peristrophe bicalyculata (178), Barleria  
        prionitis (178); Verbenaceae (180 -183) : Duranta repens (180), Lantana indica (182), Clerodendrum
        inenne (182); Labiatae (184 -187): Ocimum sanctum (184), Salvia splendens (186), Leucas
        aspera (186); Amaranthaceae (188 -191) Amaranthus spinosus (188), Achyranthes
        aspera (190), Digera muricata (190); Chenopodiaceae (192 -193) : Chenopodium album (192);        
        Polygonaceae (194 -197): PoLygonum g/abrum (194), Rumex dentatus (196), Antigonon
        Zeptopus (196); Euphorbiaceae (198-205): Euphorbia pulcherrima (198), Ricinus communis (200),  
        Euphorbia hirta (200), Phyllanthus fratemus (202), Croton bonplandianum (204),
        Jatropha gossypifolia (204); Uriticaceae (206-207) : Morus alba (206); Orchidaceae (206 - 207) : 
        Zellxine struteumatica (208); Scitamineae (210-211) : Mllsa paradisiaca (210);
        Liliaceae (212-213) : Asphodeilis tenuifolius (212);  Palmae (214-215) : Phoenix sylvestris (214);
        Cyperaceae (216-217) : Cyperus rotundus (216); Poaceae (218-219) : Triticum aestivum (218).

4.     Plants and Human Welfare  220 - 233
        Plants of Economic Importance (220 - 228) : Cereals - Wheat (220), Rice (220), Maize or
        Corn (221);  Pul'les or legumes - Cajan pea (221), Soyabean (221), Black gram (221),
        Green gram (221), Chick peas (221); Timbers - Shisham (222), Sal (222), Teak (222); Sugar and
        starch - Sugarcane (223), Potato (223); Medicinal plants - Belladona (223), Poppy (223),
        Rauvolfia (223), Quinine (224), Datura (224); Beverages - Tea (224), Coffee (224); Oils -
        Sesame (224), Ground nut (225), Castor (225), Linseed (225); Spices - Cardarr.om (226),
        Pepper (226), Coriander (226); Fibres - Jute (226), Sannhemp (226), Cotton (227), Hemp (227),   
        Coconut (227); Fumitory – Tobacco (228); Rubber - Rubber (228); Microchemical Tests (228 - 232):
        To detect the presence of ctJlulose (228), To detect the presence of cutin (229),
        To detect the presence of suberin (229), To detect the presence of lignin (229),
        To detect the presence of mucilage (229), To detect the presenCe of latex (229),
        To detect the presence of hemicellulose (230), To detect the presence of reducing sugar :
        glucose (230), To detect the presence of (non-reducing sugars) : starch/sucrose (230), .
        To detect the presence of proteins (231), To detect the presence of fats/oils (231),
        To detect the presence of starch (231); Methods to detect food adulteration (232).

5.     Embryology of Angiosperms  234 - 246
        Anther (234 - 235) : Study of T.s. of young anther (234), Study of T.s. of mature anther (235),
        Pollen Grains (235 – 239):  Characters used for study of pollen grains (235),
        Preparation of pollen grains for study (237), The study of pollen grains of some common plants (237)
        Arachis hypogaea, Argemone mexicana, Canna indica, Cleome viscosa, Datura stramonium,
        Eriocallion decangulare, Hibiscus escllientlls, Lathyrus odorants,Mirabilis jalapa.
        Germination of pollen grains (238); Ovule (239 - 243) : Types of ovules (239), L.s. of anatropous
        ovule (240), L.s. of ovule showing     archesporia! cell (240), L.s. of ovule showing megaspore
        tetrad (241), L.s. of ovule showing 2-nucleate embryo sac (241), L.s. of ovule showing 4-nucleate
        embryo sac (242),  L.s. of ovule showing 8-nuc1eate Polygonumtype embrJu sac (242);
        Endosperm (243 - 244), L.s. of ovule showing nuclear endosperm (243), L.s. of ovule showing
        helobial endosperm (244); Embryo (244-246) : Dissection of embryo (244), To dissect out globular
        embryo (245), To dissect out heart-shaped embryo (245), To remove mature dieot embryo (245),
        L.s. of maize grain showing monocot embryo (246).

6.     Anatomy   247 - 314
        Meristems (247 - 248) : Study of L.s. of the shoot apex (247), Study of L.s. of the root apex (248);
        Cells and Tissues (248 - 252) : Maceration (250), Parenchyma (251), Collenchyma (251),
        Sclerenchymatous fibers (251), Stone cells or brachysclereids (251), Tracheids (252), Vessels (252);
        Cell Components (253-257) : Study of chloroplasts (233), Study of chromoplasts (253),
        Study of leucoplasts (254), Study of starch grains (254), Study of aleurone grains (255),
        Study of inulin crystals (255), Study of raphides (256), Study of cystolith (257);
        Epidermal Studies (257 -'- 260) : Study of different types of stomata (257), Study of trichomes (259);
        The Organs (260-314) : T.s. stem - Luffa (262), Xanthium (264), Zea mays (266), Canna (268),
        Triticum (270), Boerhaavia (272), Bougainvillea (274), Achyranthes (276), Chenopodium (278),  
        Salvadora (280), Leptadenia (282),  Amaranthus (286), Mirabilis (288), Bignonia (290),
         Dracaena (292); T.s. root - Cicer (294), Tinospora (296), Ficus (298), Beta vulgaris (300),
         Zea mays (302), Canna (304), Orchid (306); T.s. leaf - Mangifera (308), Zea mays (309),
         Bambusa (310); T.s. phylJode - Acacia (312), T.s. phylloclade - Ruscus aculeatus (313).

7.     Illustrated Glossary of Anatomical Terms 315 - 324
        Typcs of cells (315), Ccll inclusions (316), Tissucs and tissue systems (317), Xylem (318),
        Phlocm (321), Cambium (322), Vascular bundles (322), Stele (323), Sec•ondary growth (323).

8.     Ecology  325 - 361

        The Plants (325 - 344) : Hydrophytes Classification of hydrophytcs (325), external features of
        hydrophytes (325), anatomical charactcrs of hydrophytes (328), anatomy of : root of
        Eichhomia (328), stcm of Hydrilla (329), petiole of Eichhomia (331), petiole of Nymphaea (330),
        leaf of Nymphaea (331), leaf of Trapa (332), Xerophytes Classification of xerophytes (333),
        external features of xerophytes (333), anatomical characters of xerophytes (334), anatomy of stem of
        Cynodon (335), stem of Calotropis (336), stem of Capparis (338), stem of Casuarina (340),
        leaf of Ficus (342), leaf of Nerium (343), leaf of grass (334);
        The Study of Community (345 -352) : Minimum size of the quadrat by species area curve (345),
        Frequency of various species occurring in a given area (345), Density/abundance of various species
        occurring in a given area (348), Vegetational cover in a given area (348), Estimation of
        biomass (349), Determination of local vegetation frequency and relative frequency,
        density and relative density and importance value index (349),
        Study of species composition of an area  for analysing biological spectrum and comparison with    
         Raunkiaer's normal biological spectrum (350), Reproductive capacity of species (352);
        The Environment (352-361) : Study of soil texture (352), Measurement of soil temperature (353),
        Determination of soil pH (353), Determination of water holding capacity (353), Determination of
        moisture percentage of soil (354), Bulk density of a given soil sample (355), Porosity (percent pore
        space) of a given soil sample (355), Demonstration of different horizons of local soil profile (355),
        Tests for the presence of carbonate, nitrate and deficiency of replaceable bases (356),
        Test for presence of inorganic salts in soil (356), Demonstration of C02, 02, chlorine and
        ammonia in water (357), Determination of maximum and mimimum temperature (357),
        Determination of relative humidity (358), Soil testing for phosphQrus (359), Soil testing for
        potassium (359), Soil testing for nitrate (360), Comparison of dissolved oxygen content
       of polluted and non - polluted water by iodometric titration method (360).

9.     Biostatistics (Biometry)  362 - 369
        Calculation of central tendencies – median and mode (362), Calculation of inter quartile range (365),
        Calculation of standard deviation (366), Calculation of standard error (367), Calculation of
        chi square (i) (368).

10.   Cytology and Genetics  370 - 388
        Plant Cell (370-373) : Study of generalised plant cell (370), Study of mitochondria (370),
        Study of endoplasmic reticulum (371), Study of Golgi body (372), Study of chloroplast (372),
        Study of nucleus (373), Chromosome (373-375) : Preparation of smear (373), Preparation of
        squash (374), Demonstration of salivary gland chromosomes from Chironomous larva by aceto-orcein
        technique (374);  Mitosis (376-378) : Study of mitosis by preparing squash of onion root tip (376);
        Meiosis (378 - 382) : Study of melOSlS by smear preparation (379); Mendelian Genetics (383 - 388):
        Determination of probability by tossing coins (384), Demonstration of phenomenon of
        segregation (385), Demonstration of phenomenon of Independent assortment (385),
        Solved examples (386).

11.   Experiments in Plant Physiology  389  - 443
        Protoplasm and Membranes (389-392) : Demonstration of Tyndall phenomenon (390),
        Preparation of suspension (390), Preparation of emulsion (391), Preparation of a suspensoid (391),
        Preparation of an emuisoid (391), Demonstration of Brownian Movement (391),
        Observation of streaming movement (cyclosis) of protoplasm (392). Importance of living
        membrane (392); Osmosis, Imbibition and- Plasmolysis To demonstrate the phenomenon of
        osmosis by using goat bladder/ parchment paper (393), Demonstration of osmosis by using
        potato osmometer (393), Preparation of a semi-permeable membrane-collodion bag (394),
        Demonstration of dialysis (395), Measurement of diffusion – pressure deficit (suction pressure)
       of cells (359), Study of plasmolysis (396), To demonstrate that pressure IS developed during
        imbibition (397);  Ascent of Sap (399 - 402) : Water moves through xylem (398); To demonstrate
        ascent of sap through xylem by ringing method (399), Demonstration of rool pressure (399),     
        Demonstration of water lifting power of transpiration (400) Phenomenon of guttation (401);
        Transpiration (402 - 411) : Demonstration of transpiration (403), Study of the relative rates of
        water-vapour loss (transpiration) from the leaf surface of different plants (403),
       Comparison of the rates of transpiration from the lower and upper surfaces of the leaf by bell jar
        method (404), Demonstration of the loss in the total weight of the plant (leaf) during
        transpiration (405), Demonstration of stomatal transpiration by four leaves method (406),
        Relation between absorption of water and transpiration (406), Demonstration of the rate of
        transpiration by using potometer (s) (406), Demonstration of stomatal opening by
        Darwin's porometer (409), Demonstration of continuity of aIr spaces (410);
        Photosynthesis (411- 418) : To demonstrate that oxygen is evolved during photosynthesis by inverted
        funnel method (412), Comparison of the rate of photosynthesis under different
        conditions (413), Effect of different wavelenghts of lighl during photosynthesis (415),
        Presence of starch in chloroplast (415), Light is necessary for photosynthesis (415),
        To demonstrate that C02 is necessary for photosynthesis (416), To demonstrate that carbon dioxide,
        water, light and chlorophyll are essential for photosynthesis by 'Moll's half leaf experiment (416),
        Dye reduction by isolated chloroplasts or to demonstrate Hill activity (417);
        Respiration and Respiratory enzymes (418-431) :
        To demonstrate anaerobic respiration (420), The process of fermentation (420),
        Liberation of carbon dioxide' during aerobic respiration (421), Carbon dioxide is produced during
        aerobic respiration by using retorts (423), Oxygen is used during respiration (423),
        Energy is released in the form of heat during respiration (424), To determine the value of RQ of
        different respiratory substrates (425), To compare and calculate the respiratory quotients by means of
        a  pair of respiroscopes (426), Measurement of the rate of respiration by volumetric method using
        Pettinkoffer's tubes (427), Measurement of the rate of respiration by quantitative method (volumetric):
        gas flow method (428), To compare the processes of photosynthesis and  respiration (429),
        Demonstration of respiratory enzymes in plant tissues : oxidase, peroxidase,
        dehydrogenase and catalase (430), The effect of amylase (diastase) on  starch (431);
        Growth and Growth Hormones (431-437) : Measurement of growth by auxanometer (432),
        Avena straight growth test (433), Cress root inhibiton test for indole auxins (434), Effect of Gibberellic
        acid on plant growth (435), Gibberellin activity by biQassay (436); Movements (437-440) :
        Demonstration of geotropism by clinostat (438), Demonstration of phototropism (439);
        Dormancy (440) : To test the germinability of seeds with tetrazolium (440);
        Chromatography (440 - 443): Separation of chloroplas  by chromatographic (paper and thin layer
        graphy) (441); pigments Technique chromato- Technique of two dimensional paper chromatography
        of amino acids (442).

Appendix  444 - 449
1.    Some Laboratory Techniques (444 - 446),
2.     Fixing Agents, Stains and Mounting Media (446 - 447),
3.     Laboratory Reagents (447 - 449).
Index 450 - 452
Alphabetical Lists of
    I. Families described (450);
    II. Botanical names of plants described in the chapters given below (450 - 452) :
        1. Description of Plants (450 - 451),
        2. Plants and Human Welfare (452),
        3. Anatomy (452),
        4. Ecology (452).

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