Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering An Interactive
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2001 Oleh John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights Reserved, adalah buku edisi Ke lima.
Judul: Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering
An Interactive
Oleh: William D. Callister, Jr. (Editor)
Penerbit: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All
Tahun: 2001
Jumlah Halaman: 1619 hal.
Editor:
William D. Callister, Jr.
Department of Metallurgical Engineering
The University of Utah
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini merupakan versi alternative teks Ilmu dan Teknik Material: Sebuah Pengantar, Edisi Kelima. Isi keduanya sama, tetapi urutan penyajian berbeda dan Fundamental memanfaatkan teknologi baru untuk meningkatkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran.
Sehubungan dengan urutan presentasi, ada dua pendekatan umum untuk ilmu pengetahuan bahan ajar dan teknik-satu yang saya sebut '' tradisional '' Pendekatan, yang lain yang paling sebut sebagai pendekatan '' terpadu ''. Dengan pendekatan tradisional, struktur / karakteristik / sifat dari logam disajikan pertama, diikuti oleh diskusi analog bahan keramik dan polimer. Pendahuluan,
Edisi Kelima diatur dengan cara ini, yang disukai oleh banyak ilmu dan teknik material instruktur. Dengan pendekatan terpadu, satu struktur tertentu, karakteristik, atau properti untuk ketiga jenis bahan yang disajikan sebelum pindah ke pembahasan lain struktur / karakteristik / properti.
Ini adalah urutan presentasi dalam Fundamental.
Tujuan utama buku ini adalah untuk menyajikan dasar dasar ilmu dan material teknik pada tingkat
sesuai untuk mahasiswa / perguruan tinggi yang baik didasarkan pada dasar-dasar kalkulus, kimia, dan fisika. Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, buku ini menggunakan terminologi yang akrab bagi siswa yang menghadapi dengan disiplin ilmu dan teknik material untuk pertama kalinya, dan juga untuk menentukan dan menjelaskan semua hal yang asing.
Tujuan kedua adalah untuk menyajikan materi pelajaran dalam urutan logis, dari yang sederhana sampai yang lebih kompleks. Setiap bab dibangun di atas isi yang sebelumnya.
Tujuan ketiga, atau filsafat, bahwa buku ini berusaha untuk mempertahankan seluruh teks
adalah bahwa jika topik atau konsep bernilai menyelesaikan masalah sehingga pembahasan buku ini cukup detail dan sejauh siswa memiliki kesempatan untuk memahami itu tanpa harus berkonsultasi sumber lain. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, beberapa relevansi praktis disediakan. Diskusi dimaksudkan untuk menjadi jelas dan ringkas dan akan dimulai pada tepat tingkat pemahaman.
Tujuan keempat adalah untuk menyertakan fitur dalam buku yang akan mempercepat proses belajar. Sehingga buku ini banyak menyajikan ilustrasi dan foto-foto untuk membantu memvisualisasikan apa yang sedang disajikan, tujuan pembelajaran, '' Mengapa Studi. . . '' Item yang memberikan relevansi dengan diskusi topik, akhir-bab pertanyaan dan masalah, jawaban untuk masalah yang dipilih, dan beberapa solusi masalah untuk membantu dalam penilaian diri, glosarium, daftar simbol, dan referensi untuk memfasilitasi memahami materi pelajaran.
Tujuan kelima, khusus untuk Fundamental, adalah untuk meningkatkan pengajaran dan
Proses pembelajaran menggunakan teknologi yang lebih baru yang tersedia untuk sebagian besar instruktur dan mahasiswa teknik saat ini. Sebagian besar masalah di Fundamentals membutuhkan perhitungan yang mengarah ke numerik solusi; dalam beberapa kasus, mahasiswa diwajibkan untuk membuat keputusan pada dasar dari solusi. Selain itu, banyak konsep dalam disiplin ilmu dan teknik material yang bersifat deskriptif. Dengan demikian, pertanyaan juga termasuk yang memerlukan ditulis, jawaban deskriptif; harus memberikan jawaban tertulis membantu siswa untuk lebih memahami konsep terkait. Pertanyaan terdiri dari dua jenis: dengan satu jenis, siswa hanya perlu menyatakan kembali di /kata-katanya sendiri penjelasan yang diberikan dalam materi teks; pertanyaan lainnya memerlukan siswa untuk alasan melalui dan / atau mensintesis sebelum sampai pada ke kesimpulan atau solusi.
Daftar Isi:
Chapters 1 through 13 discuss core topics (found in both print and on the CD-ROM) and supplementary topics (in the eText only)
LIST OF SYMBOLS xix
1. Introduction 1
Learning Objectives 2
1.1 Historical Perspective 2
1.2 Materials Science and Engineering 2
1.3 Why Study Materials Science and Engineering? 4
1.4 Classification of Materials 5
1.5 Advanced Materials 6
1.6 Modern Materials’ Needs 6
References 7
2. Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding 9
Learning Objectives 10
2.1 Introduction 10
ATOMIC STRUCTURE 10
2.2 Fundamental Concepts 10
2.3 Electrons in Atoms 11
2.4 The Periodic Table 17
ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS 18
2.5 Bonding Forces and Energies 18
2.6 Primary Interatomic Bonds 20
2.7 Secondary Bonding or Van der Waals Bonding 24
2.8 Molecules 26
Summary 27
Important Terms and Concepts 27
References 28
Questions and Problems 28
3. Structures of Metals and Ceramics 30
Learning Objectives 31
3.1 Introduction 31
CRYSTAL STRUCTURES 31
3.2 Fundamental Concepts 31
3.3 Unit Cells 32
3.4 Metallic Crystal Structures 33
3.5 Density Computations—Metals 37
3.6 Ceramic Crystal Structures 38
3.7 Density Computations—Ceramics 45
3.8 Silicate Ceramics 46
• The Silicates (CD-ROM) S-1
3.9 Carbon 47
• Fullerenes (CD-ROM) S-3
3.10 Polymorphism and Allotropy 49
3.11 Crystal Systems 49
CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DIRECTIONS AND PLANES 51
3.12 Crystallographic Directions 51
3.13 Crystallographic Planes 54
3.14 Linear and Planar Atomic Densities
(CD-ROM) S-4
3.15 Close-Packed Crystal Structures 58
CRYSTALLINE AND NONCRYSTALLINE MATERIALS 62
3.16 Single Crystals 62
3.17 Polycrystalline Materials 62
3.18 Anisotropy 63
3.19 X-Ray Diffraction: Determination of Crystal Structures (CD-ROM) S- 3.20
Noncrystalline Solids 64
Summary 66
Important Terms and Concepts 67
References 67
Questions and Problems 68
4. Polymer Structures 76
Learning Objectives 77
4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Hydrocarbon Molecules 77
4.3 Polymer Molecules 79
4.4 The Chemistry of Polymer Molecules 80
4.5 Molecular Weight 82
4.6 Molecular Shape 87
4.7 Molecular Structure 88
4.8 Molecular Configurations (CD-ROM) S-11
4.9 Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers 90
4.10 Copolymers 91
4.11 Polymer Crystallinity 92
4.12 Polymer Crystals 95
Summary 97
Important Terms and Concepts 98
References 98
Questions and Problems 99
5. Imperfections in Solids 102
Learning Objectives 103
5.1 Introduction 103
POINT DEFECTS 103
5.2 Point Defects in Metals 103
5.3 Point Defects in Ceramics 105
5.4 Impurities in Solids 107
5.5 Point Defects in Polymers 110
5.6 Specification of Composition 110
• Composition Conversions (CD-ROM) S-14
MISCELLANEOUS IMPERFECTIONS 111
5.7 Dislocations—Linear Defects 111
5.8 Interfacial Defects 115
5.9 Bulk or Volume Defects 118
5.10 Atomic Vibrations 118
MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION 118
5.11 General 118
5.12 Microscopic Techniques (CD-ROM) S-17
5.13 Grain Size Determination 119
Summary 120
Important Terms and Concepts 121
References 121
Questions and Problems 122
6. Diffusion 126
Learning Objectives 127
6.1 Introduction 127
6.2 Diffusion Mechanisms 127
6.3 Steady-State Diffusion 130
6.4 Nonsteady-State Diffusion 132
6.5 Factors That Influence Diffusion 136
6.6 Other Diffusion Paths 141
6.7 Diffusion in Ionic and Polymeric
Materials 141
Summary 142
Important Terms and Concepts 142
References 142
Questions and Problems 143
7. Mechanical Properties 147
Learning Objectives 148
7.1 Introduction 148
7.2 Concepts of Stress and Strain 149
ELASTIC DEFORMATION 153
7.3 Stress–Strain Behavior 153
7.4 Anelasticity 157
7.5 Elastic Properties of Materials 157
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—METALS 160
7.6 Tensile Properties 160
7.7 True Stress and Strain 167
7.8 Elastic Recovery During Plastic Deformation 170
7.9 Compressive, Shear, and Torsional Deformation 170
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—CERAMICS 171
7.10 Flexural Strength 171
7.11 Elastic Behavior 173
7.12 Influence of Porosity on the Mechanical Properties of Ceramics (CD-ROM) S-22
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR—POLYMERS 173
7.13 Stress–Strain Behavior 173
7.14 Macroscopic Deformation 175
7.15 Viscoelasticity (CD-ROM) S-22
HARDNESS AND OTHER MECHANICAL PROPERTY CONSIDERATIONS 176
7.16 Hardness 176
7.17 Hardness of Ceramic Materials 181
7.18 Tear Strength and Hardness of Polymers 181
PROPERTY VARIABILITY AND DESIGN/SAFETY FACTORS 183
7.19 Variability of Material Properties 183
• Computation of Average and Standard Deviation Values (CD-ROM) S-28
7.20 Design/Safety Factors 183
Summary 185
Important Terms and Concepts 186
References 186
Questions and Problems 187
8. Deformation and Strengthening Mechanisms 197
Learning Objectives 198
8.1 Introduction 198
DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR METALS 198
8.2 Historical 198
8.3 Basic Concepts of Dislocations 199
8.4 Characteristics of Dislocations 201
8.5 Slip Systems 203
8.6 Slip in Single Crystals (CD-ROM) S-31
8.7 Plastic Deformation of Polycrystalline Metals 204
8.8 Deformation by Twinning (CD-ROM) S-34
MECHANISMS OF STRENGTHENING IN METALS 206
8.9 Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction 206
8.10 Solid-Solution Strengthening 208
8.11 Strain Hardening 210
RECOVERY, RECRYSTALLIZATION, AND GRAIN GROWTH 213
8.12 Recovery 213
8.13 Recrystallization 213
8.14 Grain Growth 218
DEFORMATION MECHANISMS FOR CERAMIC MATERIALS 219
8.15 Crystalline Ceramics 220
8.16 Noncrystalline Ceramics 220
MECHANISMS OF DEFORMATION AND FOR STRENGTHENING OF
POLYMERS 221
8.17 Deformation of Semicrystalline Polymers 221
8.18a Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers
[Detailed Version (CD-ROM)] S-35
8.18b Factors That Influence the Mechanical Properties of Semicrystalline Polymers
(Concise Version) 223
8.19 Deformation of Elastomers 224
Summary 227
Important Terms and Concepts 228
References 228
Questions and Problems 228
9. Failure 234
Learning Objectives 235
9.1 Introduction 235
FRACTURE 235
9.2 Fundamentals of Fracture 235
9.3 Ductile Fracture 236
• Fractographic Studies (CD-ROM) S-38
9.4 Brittle Fracture 238
9.5a Principles of Fracture Mechanics [Detailed Version (CD-ROM)] S-38
9.5b Principles of Fracture Mechanics (Concise Version) 238
9.6 Brittle Fracture of Ceramics 248
• Static Fatigue (CD-ROM) S-53
9.7 Fracture of Polymers 249
9.8 Impact Fracture Testing 250
FATIGUE 255
9.9 Cyclic Stresses 255
9.10 The S–N Curve 257
9.11 Fatigue in Polymeric Materials 260
9.12a Crack Initiation and Propagation [Detailed Version (CD-ROM)] S-54
9.12b Crack Initiation and Propagation (Concise Version) 260
9.13 Crack Propagation Rate (CD-ROM) S-57
9.14 Factors That Affect Fatigue Life 263
9.15 Environmental Effects (CD-ROM) S-62
CREEP 265
9.16 Generalized Creep Behavior 266
9.17a Stress and Temperature Effects [Detailed Version (CD-ROM)] S-63
9.17b Stress and Temperature Effects (Concise Version) 267
9.18 Data Extrapolation Methods (CD-ROM) S-65
9.19 Alloys for High-Temperature Use 268
9.20 Creep in Ceramic and Polymeric Materials 269
Summary 269
Important Terms and Concepts 272
References 272
Questions and Problems 273
10 Phase Diagrams 281
Learning Objectives 282
10.1 Introduction 282
DEFINITIONS AND BASIC CONCEPTS 282
10.2 Solubility Limit 283
10.3 Phases 283
10.4 Microstructure 284
10.5 Phase Equilibria 284
EQUILIBRIUM PHASE DIAGRAMS 285
10.6 Binary Isomorphous Systems 286
10.7 Interpretation of Phase Diagrams 288
10.8 Development of Microstructure in Isomorphous Alloys (CD-ROM) S-67
10.9 Mechanical Properties of Isomorphous Alloys 292
10.10 Binary Eutectic Systems 292
10.11 Development of Microstructure in Eutectic Alloys (CD-ROM) S-70
10.12 Equilibrium Diagrams Having Intermediate Phases or Compounds 297
10.13 Eutectoid and Peritectic Reactions 298
10.14 Congruent Phase Transformations 301
10.15 Ceramic Phase Diagrams (CD-ROM) S-77
10.16 Ternary Phase Diagrams 301
10.17 The Gibbs Phase Rule (CD-ROM) S-81
THE IRON–CARBON SYSTEM 302
10.18 The Iron–Iron Carbide (Fe–Fe3C) Phase Diagram 302
10.19 Development of Microstructures in Iron–Carbon Alloys 305
10.20 The Influence of Other Alloying Elements (CD-ROM) S-83
Summary 313
Important Terms and Concepts 314
References 314
Questions and Problems 315
11 Phase Transformations 323
Learning Objectives 324
11.1 Introduction 324
PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN METALS 324
11.2 Basic Concepts 325
11.3 The Kinetics of Solid-State Reactions 325
11.4 Multiphase Transformations 327
MICROSTRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES IN IRON–CARBON
ALLOYS 327
11.5 Isothermal Transformation Diagrams 328
11.6 Continuous Cooling Transformation Diagrams (CD-ROM) S-85
11.7 Mechanical Behavior of Iron–Carbon Alloys 339
11.8 Tempered Martensite 344
11.9 Review of Phase Transformations for Iron–Carbon Alloys 346
PRECIPITATION HARDENING 347
11.10 Heat Treatments 347
11.11 Mechanism of Hardening 349
11.12 Miscellaneous Considerations 351
CRYSTALLIZATION, MELTING, AND GLASS TRANSITION PHENOMENA IN
POLYMERS 352
11.13 Crystallization 353
11.14 Melting 354
11.15 The Glass Transition 354
11.16 Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures 354
11.17 Factors That Influence Melting and Glass Transition Temperatures (CD-ROM) S-87
Summary 356
Important Terms and Concepts 357
References 357
Questions and Problems 358
12. Electrical Properties 365
Learning Objectives 366
12.1 Introduction 366
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION 366
12.2 Ohm’s Law 366
12.3 Electrical Conductivity 367
12.4 Electronic and Ionic Conduction 368
12.5 Energy Band Structures in Solids 368
12.6 Conduction in Terms of Band and Atomic Bonding Models 371
12.7 Electron Mobility 372
12.8 Electrical Resistivity of Metals 373
12.9 Electrical Characteristics of Commercial Alloys 376
SEMICONDUCTIVITY 376
12.10 Intrinsic Semiconduction 377
12.11 Extrinsic Semiconduction 379
12.12 The Temperature Variation of Conductivity and Carrier Concentration 383
12.13 The Hall Effect (CD-ROM) S-91
12.14 Semiconductor Devices (CD-ROM) S-93
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN IONIC CERAMICS AND IN POLYMERS 389
12.15 Conduction in Ionic Materials 389
12.16 Electrical Properties of Polymers 390
DIELECTRIC BEHAVIOR 391
12.17 Capacitance (CD-ROM) S-99
12.18 Field Vectors and Polarization (CD-ROM) S-101
12.19 Types of Polarization (CD-ROM) S-105
12.20 Frequency Dependence of the Dielectric Constant (CD-ROM) S-106
12.21 Dielectric Strength (CD-ROM) S-107
12.22 Dielectric Materials (CD-ROM) S-107
OTHER ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 391
12.23 Ferroelectricity (CD-ROM) S-108
12.24 Piezoelectricity (CD-ROM) S-109
Summary 391
Important Terms and Concepts 393
References 393
Questions and Problems 394
13. Types and Applications of Materials 401
Learning Objectives 402
13.1 Introduction 402
TYPES OF METAL ALLOYS 402
13.2 Ferrous Alloys 402
13.3 Nonferrous Alloys 414
TYPES OF CERAMICS 422
13.4 Glasses 423
13.5 Glass–Ceramics 423
13.6 Clay Products 424
13.7 Refractories 424
Fireclay, Silica, Basic, and Special Refractories (CD-ROM) S-110
13.8 Abrasives 425
13.9 Cements 425
13.10 Advanced Ceramics (CD-ROM) S-111
13.11 Diamond and Graphite 427
TYPES OF POLYMERS 428
13.12 Plastics 428
13.13 Elastomers 431
13.14 Fibers 432
13.15 Miscellaneous Applications 433
13.16 Advanced Polymeric Materials (CD-ROM) S-113
Summary 434
Important Terms and Concepts 435
References 435
Questions and Problems 436
Chapters 14 through 21 discuss just supplementary topics, and are found only on the CD-ROM (and not in print)
14. Synthesis, Fabrication, and Processing of Materials (CD-ROM) S-118
Learning Objectives S-119
14.1 Introduction S-119
FABRICATION OF METALS S-119
14.2 Forming Operations S-119
14.3 Casting S-121
14.4 Miscellaneous Techniques S-122
THERMAL PROCESSING OF METALS S-124
14.5 Annealing Processes S-124
14.6 Heat Treatment of Steels S-126
FABRICATION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS S-136
14.7 Fabrication and Processing of Glasses S-137
14.8 Fabrication of Clay Products S-142
14.9 Powder Pressing S-145
14.10 Tape Casting S-149
SYNTHESIS AND FABRICATION OF POLYMERS S-149
14.11 Polymerization S-150
14.12 Polymer Additives S-151
14.13 Forming Techniques for Plastics S-153
14.14 Fabrication of Elastomers S-155
14.15 Fabrication of Fibers and Films S-155
Summary S-156
Important Terms and Concepts S-157
References S-158
Questions and Problems S-158
15. Composites (CD-ROM) S-162
Learning Objectives S-163
15.1 Introduction S-163
PARTICLE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES S-165
15.2 Large-Particle Composites S-165
15.3 Dispersion-Strengthened Composites S-169
FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITES S-170
15.4 Influence of Fiber Length S-170
15.5 Influence of Fiber Orientation and Concentration S-171
15.6 The Fiber Phase S-180
15.7 The Matrix Phase S-180
15.8 Polymer–Matrix Composites S-182
15.9 Metal–Matrix Composites S-185
15.10 Ceramic–Matrix Composites S-186
15.11 Carbon–Carbon Composites S-188
15.12 Hybrid Composites S-189
15.13 Processing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites S-189
STRUCTURAL COMPOSITES S-195
15.14 Laminar Composites S-195
15.15 Sandwich Panels S-196
Summary S-196
Important Terms and Concepts S-198
References S-198
Questions and Problems S-199
16. Corrosion and Degradation of Materials (CD-ROM) S-204
Learning Objectives S-205
16.1 Introduction S-205
CORROSION OF METALS S-205
16.2 Electrochemical Considerations S-206
16.3 Corrosion Rates S-212
16.4 Prediction of Corrosion Rates S-214
16.5 Passivity S-221
16.6 Environmental Effects S-222
16.7 Forms of Corrosion S-223
16.8 Corrosion Environments S-231
16.9 Corrosion Prevention S-232
16.10 Oxidation S-234
CORROSION OF CERAMIC MATERIALS S-237
DEGRADATION OF POLYMERS S-237
16.11 Swelling and Dissolution S-238
16.12 Bond Rupture S-238
16.13 Weathering S-241
Summary S-241
Important Terms and Concepts S-242
References S-242
Questions and Problems S-243
17. Thermal Properties (CD-ROM) S-247
Learning Objectives S-248
17.1 Introduction S-248
17.2 Heat Capacity S-248
17.3 Thermal Expansion S-250
17.4 Thermal Conductivity S-253
17.5 Thermal Stresses S-256
Summary S-258
Important Terms and Concepts S-259
References S-259
Questions and Problems S-259
18. Magnetic Properties (CD-ROM) S-263
Learning Objectives S-264
18.1 Introduction S-264
18.2 Basic Concepts S-264
18.3 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism S-268
18.4 Ferromagnetism S-270
18.5 Antiferromagnetism and Ferrimagnetism S-272
18.6 The Influence of Temperature on Magnetic Behavior S-276
18.7 Domains and Hysteresis S-276
18.8 Soft Magnetic Materials S-280
18.9 Hard Magnetic Materials S-282
18.10 Magnetic Storage S-284
18.11 Superconductivity S-287
Summary S-291
Important Terms and Concepts S-292
References S-292
Questions and Problems S-292
19. Optical Properties (CD-ROM) S-297
Learning Objectives S-298
19.1 Introduction S-298
BASIC CONCEPTS S-298
19.2 Electromagnetic Radiation S-298
19.3 Light Interactions with Solids S-300
19.4 Atomic and Electronic Interactions S-301
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS S-302
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NONMETALS S-303
19.5 Refraction S-303
19.6 Reflection S-304
19.7 Absorption S-305
19.8 Transmission S-308
19.9 Color S-309
19.10 Opacity and Translucency in Insulators S-310
APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHENOMENA S-311
19.11 Luminescence S-311
19.12 Photoconductivity S-312
19.13 Lasers S-313
19.14 Optical Fibers in Communications S-315
Summary S-320
Important Terms and Concepts S-321
References S-321
Questions and Problems S-322
20. Materials Selection and Design Considerations (CD-ROM) S-324
Learning Objectives S-325
20.1 Introduction S-325
MATERIALS SELECTION FOR A TORSIONALLY STRESSED CYLINDRICAL
SHAFT S-325
20.2 Strength S-326
20.3 Other Property Considerations and the Final Decision S-331
AUTOMOBILE VALVE SPRING S-332
20.4 Introduction S-332
20.5 Automobile Valve Spring S-334
ARTIFICIAL TOTAL HIP REPLACEMENT S-339
20.6 Anatomy of the Hip Joint S-339
20.7 Material Requirements S-341
20.8 Materials Employed S-343
THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM ON THE SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER S-345
20.9 Introduction S-345
20.10 Thermal Protection System—Design Requirements S-345
20.11 Thermal Protection System—Components S-347
MATERIALS FOR INTEGRATED CIRCUIT PACKAGES S-351
20.12 Introduction S-351
20.13 Leadframe Design and Materials S-353
20.14 Die Bonding S-354
20.15 Wire Bonding S-356
20.16 Package Encapsulation S-358
20.17 Tape Automated Bonding S-360
Summary S-362
References S-363
Questions and Problems S-364
21. Economic, Environmental, and Societal Issues in Materials Science and Engineering
(CD-ROM) S-368
Learning Objectives S-369
21.1 Introduction S-369
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS S-369
21.2 Component Design S-370
21.3 Materials S-370
21.4 Manufacturing Techniques S-370
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS S-371
21.5 Recycling Issues in Materials Science and Engineering S-373
Summary S-376
References S-376
Appendix A The International System of Units (SI) 439
Appendix B Properties of Selected
Engineering Materials 441
B.1 Density 441
B.2 Modulus of Elasticity 444
B.3 Poisson’s Ratio 448
B.4 Strength and Ductility 449
B.5 Plane Strain Fracture Toughness 454
B.6 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 455
B.7 Thermal Conductivity 459
B.8 Specific Heat 462
B.9 Electrical Resistivity 464
B.10 Metal Alloy Compositions 467
Appendix C Costs and Relative Costs for Selected Engineering Materials 469
Appendix D Mer Structures for Common Polymers 475
Appendix E Glass Transition and Melting Temperatures for Common Polymeric Materials 479
Glossary 480
Answers to Selected Problems 495
Index 501
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