Radar Handbook Third Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2008 Oleh The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York adalah buku edisi Ketiga.
Judul: Radar Handbook Third Edition
Oleh: Merrill I. Skolnik (Editor)
Penerbit: The McGraw-Hill Companies. New York
Tahun: 2008
Jumlah Halaman: 1352 hal.
Editor:
Merrill Skolnik adalah Inspektur Divisi Radar di US Naval Research Laboratory selama lebih dari 30 tahun. Sebelum itu dia terlibat dalam kemajuan radar sementara di Laboratorium Lincoln MIT, Institut Analisis Pertahanan, dan Divisi Penelitian Komunikasi Elektronik, Inc Dia adalah penulis populer McGraw-Hill buku Introduction to Radar Systems, sekarang dalam edisi ketiga, editor Radar
Applications, serta menjadi mantan editor Prosiding IEEE. Dia meraih Doktor Rekayasa Gelar dari The Johns Hopkins University, di mana ia juga menerima BE dan MSE derajat di teknik Elektro. Dia adalah anggota dari National Academy of Engineering AS, anggota dari IEEE, dan penerima pertama dari IEEE Dennis J. Picard Medal untuk Radar Technologies dan Aplikasi.
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Pembahasan buku ini meliputi: Tinjauan Radar; MTI Radar; Airborne MTI; Pulse Doppler Radar; Multifungsi Sistem Radar untuk Fighter Pesawat Penerima; Radar, Deteksi Otomatis, Tracking, dan Integrasi Sensor; Pulse Kompresi Radar; Tracking Radar; The Transmitter Radar; Padat id-Negara Pemancar; Reflector Antena; Antena Array Radar bertahap; Radar Cross Section; Sea Clutter; Tanah Echo; Synthetic Aperture Radar; Ruang Berbasis Remote Sensing Radar; Meteorologi Radar; HF Over-the-Horizon Radar; Ground Penetrating Radar; Marinir Sipil Radar; Bistatic Radar; Electronic Counter-Penanggulangan; dan Radar Digital Signal Processing.
Daftar Isi:
Contributors xiii
Preface xv
Chapter 1 An Introduction and Overview of Radar 1.1
Merrill Skolnik
1.1 Radar in Brief / 1.1
1.2 Types of Radars / 1.5
1.3 Information Available from a Radar / 1.7
1.4 The Radar Equation / 1.10
1.5 Radar Frequency Letter-band Nomenclature / 1.13
1.6 Effect of Operating Frequency on Radar / 1.14
1.7 Radar Nomenclature / 1.18
1.8 Some Past Advances in Radar / 1.19
1.9 Applications of Radar / 1.20
1.10 Conceptual Radar System Design / 1.22
Chapter 2 MTI Radar 2.1
William W. Shrader and Vilhelm Gregers-Hansen
2.1 Preface / 2.1
2.2 Introduction to MTI Radar / 2.2
2.3 Clutter Filter Response to Moving Targets / 2.9
2.4 Clutter Characteristics / 2.10
2.5 Definitions / 2.19
2.6 Improvement Factor Calculations / 2.23
2.7 Optimum Design of Clutter Filters / 2.25
2.8 MTI Clutter Filter Design / 2.33
2.9 MTI Filter Design for Weather Radars / 2.46
2.10 Clutter Filter Bank Design / 2.52
2.11 Performance Degradation Caused by Receiver Limiting / 2.59
2.12 Radar System Stability Requirements / 2.65
2.13 Dynamic Range and A/D Conversion Considerations / 2.78
2.14 Adaptive MTI / 2.80
2.15 Radar Clutter Maps / 2.83
2.16 Sensitivity-velocity Control (SVC) / 2.87
2.17 Considerations Applicable to MTI Radar Systems 2.91
Chapter 3 Airborne MTI 3.1
James K. Day and Fred M. Staudaher
3.1 Systems Using Airborne MTI Techniques / 3.1
3.2 Coverage Considerations / 3.2
3.3 Airborne MTI Performance Drivers / 3.3
3.4 Platform Motion and Altitude Effects on MTI Performance / 3.3
3.5 Platform-motion Compensation Abeam / 3.10
3.6 Scanning-motion Compensation / 3.14
3.7 Simultaneous Platform Motion and Scan Compensation / 3.18
3.8 Platform-motion Compensation, Forward Direction / 3.21
3.9 Space-time Adaptive Motion Compensation / 3.23
3.10 Effect of Multiple Spectra / 3.31
3.11 Example AMTI Radar System / 3.32
Chapter 4 Pulse Doppler Radar 4.1
John P. Stralka and William G. Fedarko
4.1 Characteristics and Applications / 4.1
4.2 Pulse Doppler Clutter / 4.14
4.3 Dynamic-range and Stability Requirements / 4.24
4.4 Range and Doppler Ambiguity Resoluton / 4.31
4.5 Mode and Waveform Design / 4.35
4.6 Range Performance / 4.39
List of Abbreviations / 4.48
Chapter 5 Multifunctional Radar Systems for Fighter Aircraft 5.1
David Lynch, Jr. and Carlo Kopp
5.1 Introduction / 5.1
5.2 Typical Missions and Modes / 5.10
5.3 A-A Mode Descriptions & Waveforms / 5.16
5.4 A-S Mode Descriptions & Waveforms / 5.28
Chapter 6 Radar Receivers 6.1
Michael E. Yeomans
6.1 The Configuration of a Radar Receiver / 6.1
6.2 Noise and Dynamic-range Considerations / 6.4
6.3 Bandwidth Considerations / 6.9
6.4 Receiver Front End / 6.10
6.5 Local Oscillators / 6.14
6.6 Gain Control / 6.22
6.7 Filtering / 6.24
6.8 Limiters / 6.29
6.9 I/Q Demodulators / 6.31
6.10 Analog-to-Digital Converters / 6.35
6.11 Digital Receivers / 6.40
6.12 Diplex Operation / 6.46
6.13 Waveform Generation and Upconversion /
Chapter 7 Automatic Detection, Tracking, and Sensor Integration 7.1
W. G. Bath and G. V.Trunk
7.1 Introduction / 7.1
7.2 Automatic Detection / 7.1
7.3 Automatic Tracking / 7.22
7.4 Networked Radars / 7.46
7.5 Unlike-sensor Integration / 7.49
Chapter 8 Pulse Compression Radar 8.1
Michael R. Ducoff and Byron W. Tietjen
8.1 Introduction / 8.1
8.2 Pulse Compression Waveform Types / 8.2
8.3 Factors Affecting Choice of Pulse Compression Systems / 8.26
8.4 Pulse Compression Implementation and Radar System Examples / 8.28
Appendix / 8.36
Chapter 9 Tracking Radar 9.1
Dean D. Howard
9.1 Introduction / 9.1
9.2 Monopulse (Simultaneous Lobing) / 9.3
9.3 Scanning and Lobing / 9.16
9.4 Servosystems for Tracking Radar / 9.17
9.5 Target Acquisition and Range Tracking / 9.20
9.6 Special Monopulse Techniques / 9.24
9.7 Sources of Error / 9.26
9.8 Target-caused Errors (Target Noise) / 9.26
9.9 Other External Causes of Error / 9.37
9.10 Internal Sources of Error / 9.42
9.11 Summary of Sources of Error / 9.43
9.12 Error Reduction Techniques / 9.46
Chapter 10 The Radar Transmitter 10.1
Thomas A. Weil and Merrill Skolnik
10.1 Introduction / 10.1
10.2 Linear-beam Amplifiers / 10.4
10.3 Magnetron / 10.14
10.4 Crossed-field Amplifiers / 10.16
10.5 Gyrotrons / 10.17
10.6 Transmitter Spectrum Control / 10.19
10.7 Grid-controlled Tubes / 10.21
10.8 Modulators / 10.23
10.9 Which RF Power Source to Use? / 10.25
Chapter 11 Solid id-State Transmitters 11.1
Michael T. Borkowski
11.1 Introduction / 11.1
11.2 Advantages of Solid State / 11.1
11.3 Solid-state Devices / 11.5
11.4 Designing for the Solid-state Bottle Transmitter / 11.17
11.5 Designing for the Solid-state Phased Array Transmitter / 11.24
11.6 Solid-state System Examples / 11.37
Chapter 12 Reflector Antennas 12.1
Michael E. Cooley and Daniel Davis
12.1 Introduction / 12.7
12.2 Basic Principles and Parameters / 12.3
12.3 Reflector Antenna Architectures / 12.16
12.4 Reflector Feeds / 12.25
12.5 Reflector Antenna Analysis / 12.37
12.6 Mechanical Design Considerations / 12.35
Acknowledgments / 12.47
Chapter 13 Phased Array Radar Antennas 13.1
Joe Frank and John D. Richards
13.1 Introduction / 13.7
13.2 Array Theory / 13.9
13.3 Planar Arrays and Beam Steering / 13.15
13.4 Aperture Matching and Mutual Coupling / 13.20
13.5 Low-sidelobe Phased Arrays / 13.28
13.6 Quantization Effects / 13.34
13.7 Bandwidth of Phased Arrays / 13.38
13.8 Feed Networks (Beamformers) / 13.46
13.9 Phase Shifters / 13.57
13.10 Solid-state Modules / 13.53
13.11 Multiple Simultaneous Receive Beams / 13.54
13.12 Digital Beamforming / 13.56
13.13 Radiation Pattern Nulling / 13.57
13.14 Calibration of Active Phased Array Antennas / 13.60
13.15 Phased Array Systems / 13.62
Chapter 14 Radar Cross Section 14.1
Eugene F. Knott
14.1 Introduction / 14.1
14.2 The Concept of Echo Power / 14.4
14.3 RCS Prediction Techniques / 14.16
14.4 RCS Measurement Techniques / 14.27
14.5 Radar Echo Suppression / 14.36
Chapter 15 Sea Clutter 15.1
Lewis B. Wetzel
15.1 Introduction / 15.1
15.2 The Sea Surface / 15.3
15.3 Empirical Behavior of Sea Clutter / 15.7
15.4 Theories and Models of Sea Clutter / 15.27
15.5 Summary and Conclusions / 15.37
Chapter 16 Ground Echo 16.1
Richard K. Moore
16.1 Introduction / 16.1
16.2 Parameters Affecting Ground Return / 16.4
16.3 Theoretical Models and Their Limitations / 16.7
16.4 Fading of Ground Echoes / 16.12
16.5 Measurement Techniques for Ground Return / 16.19
16.6 General Models for Scattering Coefficient (Clutter Models) / 16.29
16.7 Scattering Coefficient Data / 16.35
16.8 Polarimetry / 16.46
16.9 Scattering Coefficient Data Near Grazing / 16.52
16.10 Imaging Radar Interpretation / 16.55
Chapter 17 Synthetic Aperture Radar 17.1
Roger Sullivan
17.1 Basic Principle of SAR / 17.1
17.2 Early History of SAR / 17.2
17.3 Types of SAR / 17.2
17.4 SAR Resolution / 17.6
17.5 Key Aspects of SAR / 17.10
17.6 SAR Image Quality / 17.16
17.7 Summary of Key SAR Equations / 17.21
17.8 Special SAR Applications / 17.22
Chapter 18 Space-Based Remote Sensing Radars 18.1
R. Keith Raney
18.1 Perspective / 18.1
18.2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) / 18.5
18.3 Altimeters / 18.29
18.4 Planetary Radars / 18.43
18.5 Scatterometers / 18.53
18.6 Radar Sounders / 18.59
Chapter 19 Meteorological Radar 19.1
R. Jeffrey Keeler and Robert J. Serafin
19.1 Introduction / 19.1
19.2 The Radar Equation for Meteorological Targets / 19.3
19.3 Design Considerations / 19.6
19.4 Signal Processing / 19.19
19.5 Operational Applications / 19.25
19.6 Research Applications / 19.33
Chapter 20 HF Over-the-Horizon Radar 20.1
James M. Headrick and Stuart J. Anderson
20.1 Introduction / 20.1
20.2 The Radar Equation / 20.5
20.3 Factors Influencing Skywave Radar Design / 20.7
20.4 The Ionosphere and Radiowave Propagation / 20.13
20.5 Waveforms for HF Radar / 20.21
20.6 The Transmitting System / 20.23
20.7 Radar Cross Section / 20.26
20.8 Clutter: Echoes from the Environment / 20.29
20.9 Noise, Interference, and Spectrum Occupancy / 20.40
20.10 The Receiving System / 20.45
20.11 Signal Processing and Tracking / 20.49
20.12 Radar Resource Management / 20.54
20.13 Radar Performance Modeling / 20.55
Appendix: HF Surface Wave Radar / 20.70
Chapter 21 Ground Penetrating Radar 21.1
David Daniels
21.1 Introduction / 21.1
21.2 Physics of Propagation in Materials / 21.6
21.3 Modeling / 21.13
21.4 Properties of Materials / 21.18
21.5 GPR Systems / 21.20
21.6 Modulation Techniques / 21.21
21.7 Antennas / 21.24
21.8 Signal and Image Processing / 21.30
21.9 Applications / 21.35
21.10 Licensing / 21.39
Chapter 22 Civil Marine Radar 22.1
Andy Norris
22.1 Introduction / 22.1
22.2 The Challenges / 22.3
22.3 International Standards / 22.7
22.4 Technology / 22.10
22.5 Target Tracking / 22.17
22.6 User Interface / 22.19
22.7 Integration with AIS / 22.23
22.8 Radar Beacons / 22.25
22.9 Validation Testing / 22.28
22.10 Vessel Tracking Services / 22.29
Appendix The Early Days of CMR / 22.31
List of Maritime Radar-related Abbreviations / 22.33
Acknowledgments / 22.34
Chapter 23 Bistatic Radar 23.1
Nicholas J. Willis
23.1 Concept and Definitions / 23.1
23.2 Coordinate Systems / 23.3
23.3 Bistatic Radar Equation / 23.4
23.4 Applications / 23.9
23.5 Bistatic Doppler / 23.14
23.6 Target Location / 23.17
23.7 Target Cross Section / 23.19
23.8 Surface Clutter / 23.22
23.9 Unique Problems and Requirements / 23.26
Chapter 24 Electronic Counter-Countermeasures 24.1
Alfonso Farina
24.1 Introduction / 24.1
24.2 Terminology / 24.2
24.3 Electronic Warfare Support Measures / 24.2
24.4 Electronic Countermeasures / 24.5
24.5 Objectives and Taxonomy of ECCM Techniques / 24.8
24.6 Antenna-related ECCM / 24.10
24.7 Transmitter-related ECCM / 24.31
24.8 Receiver-related ECCM / 24.32
24.9 Signal-processing-related ECCM / 24.33
24.10 Operational-deployment Techniques / 24.36
24.11 Application of ECCM Techniques / 24.37
24.12 ECCM and ECM Efficacy / 24.54
Acronym List / 24.56
Acknowledgments / 24.58
Chapter 25 Radar Digital Signal Processing 25.1
James J. Alter and Jeffrey O. Coleman
25.1 Introduction / 25.1
25.2 Receive Channel Processing / 25.2
25.3 Transmit Channel Processing / 25.20
25.4 DSP Tools / 25.22
25.5 Design Considerations / 25.34
25.6 Summary / 25.37
Acknowledgments / 25.38
Chapter 26 The Propagation Factor, Fp, in the Radar Equation 26.1
Wayne L. Patterson
26.1 Introduction / 26.1
26.2 The Earth’s Atmosphere / 26.2
26.3 Refraction / 26.3
26.4 Standard Propagation / 26.4
26.5 Anomalous Propagation / 26.6
26.6 Propagation Modeling / 26.13
26.7 EM System Assessment Programs / 26.18
26.8 AREPS Radar System Assessment Model / 26.23
26.9 AREPS Radar Displays / 26.25
Index 1.1
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