Psychology Fifth Edition
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010 oleh Worth Publishers, USA adalah buku edisi Kelima.
Judul: Psychology Fifth Edition
Oleh: Don H. Hockenbury, et al
Penerbit: Worth Publishers, USA
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman: 855 hal.
Penulis:
Don H. Hockenbury adalah Associate Professor Psikologi di Tulsa Community College.
Don menerima B.S. nya dalam psikologi dan MA dalam psikologi klinis dari University of Tulsa. Sebelum ia memulai karir mengajar, ia bekerja di Fasilitas psikiatri dan dalam praktek swasta. Dengan lebih dari 25 tahun pengalaman mengajar psikologi, Don adalah penerima Tulsa Community College Award untuk Pengajaran Excellence. Meskipun ia menikmati tantangan unik pengajaran online, pengaturan kelas
forum favoritnya untuk mengajar siswa tentang ilmu pengetahuan dan relevansi psikologi pribadi.
Sebelum co-authoring Psikologi dan Menemukan Psikologi, Don resensi dan suplemen penulis untuk beberapa buku teks psikologi. Topik favorit don termasuk biopsikologi, tidur dan bermimpi, kognisi terapan, gangguan psikologis, dan sejarah psikologi. Don memiliki beberapa organisasi profesional , termasuk Asosiasi Psychological Science (APS), the Society of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition (SARMAC), dan the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM).
Sandra E. Hockenbury adalah seorang penulis sains yang mengkhususkan diri dalam psikologi. Sandy menerima B.A. nya dari Shimer College dan MA dari University of Chicago, di mana dia juga Associate Penelitian di Institut Ilmu Sosial dan Perilaku Patologi. Sebelum co-authoring Psikologi dan Menemukan Psikologi, Sandy bekerja selama beberapa tahun sebagai editor psikologi baik akademik dan penerbitan buku teks perguruan tinggi. Sandy juga telah diajarkan sebagai anggota fakultas tambahan di Tulsa
Komunitas Kampus. Bidang Sandy yang menarik termasuk psikologi positif, kognisi hewan dan perilaku,
psikologi budaya, interaksi pikiran-tubuh, dan persimpangan filsafat Buddha, ilmu saraf, dan psikologi. Dia adalah anggota dari Asosiasi Psychological Science (APS) dan the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Setiap bab dalam buku ini menceritakan kisah dari topik utama dalam psikologi dalam cara yang logis yang mengalir terus menerus dari awal sampai akhir. Tema yang jelas didirikan di halaman pertama dari bab ini. Sepanjang bab ini, pembahasan kembali ke tema-tema seperti menyajikan subtopik dan studi penelitian khusus. Bab serius terorganisir sehingga siswa dapat dengan mudah melihat bagaimana ide-ide yang terhubung. Penulisan ini dengan hati-hati untuk memaksimalkan minat siswa dan pemahaman. Bukan hanya menyebutkan syarat dan Temuan, kami akan menjelaskan konsep jelas. Dan kita menggunakan analogi beton dan contoh sehari-hari , daripada metafora jelas atau bunga, untuk membantu siswa memahami abstrak konsep dan ide.
Paradoks, salah satu cara yang dijaga kelangsungan narasi seluruh setiap bab adalah melalui penggunaan dalam teks kotak. Kotak memberikan kesempatan untuk mengeksplorasi topik tertentu secara mendalam tanpa kehilangan benang narasi bab.
Kotak In Focus melakukan hal itu, mereka fokus pada topik yang menarik secara lebih mendalam
dari organisasi bab akan memungkinkan. Kotak-kotak ini menyoroti penelitian yang menarik, menjawab pertanyaan bahwa siswa sering bertanya, atau menunjukkan siswa bagaimana penelitian psikologis
dapat diterapkan dalam kehidupan mereka sendiri.
Buku ini terdiri atas 6 bagian utama yang didukung oleh 15 Bab. Bagian 1 MEMPERKENALKAN PSIKOLOGI membahas Bab 1 Pendahuluan dan Metode Penelitian. Bagian 2 PROSES psychobiological meliputi pembahasan Bab 2 Neuroscience dan Perilaku , Bab 3 Sensasi dan Persepsi, Bab 4 Kesadaran dan Variasi . Bagian 3 PROSES DASAR PSIKOLOGIS mencakup Bab 5 Belajar, Bab 6 Memory, Bab 7 Berpikir, Bahasa, dan Kecerdasan, Bab 8 Motivasi dan Emosi. Bagian 4 PENGEMBANGAN DIRI meliputi pembahasa Bab 9 Masa Pengembangan Hidup , Bab 10 Gender dan Seksualitas, dan Bab 11 Kepribadian. Bagian 5 ORANG DALAM KONTEKS SOSIAL membahas Bab 12 Psychology Social.
Bagian 6 MASALAH PSIKOLOGIS, GANGGUAN, DAN PENGOBATAN membahas tentang Bab 13 Stres, Kesehatan, dan Coping, Bab 14 Gangguan Psikologis , dan Bab 15 Terapi.
Daftar Isi:
To the Instructor xx
To the Student: Learning from Psychology xli
SECTION 1 INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and Research Methods
1 PROLOGUE: Miracle Magnets?
2 Introduction: The Origins of Psychology
The Influence of Philosophy and Physiology 3 ■ Wilhelm Wundt: The Founder of Psychology 4
Edward B. Titchener: Structuralism 4 ■ William James: Functionalism 5 ■ Sigmund
Freud: Psychoanalysis 7 ■ John B. Watson: Behaviorism 8 ■ Carl Rogers: Humanistic
Psychology 9
10 Contemporary Psychology
Major Perspectives in Psychology 10 ■ Specialty Areas in Psychology 14
16 The Scientific Method
The Steps in the Scientific Method: Systematically Seeking Answers 17 ■ Building Theories:
Integrating the Findings from Many Studies 21
21 Descriptive Research Methods
Naturalistic Observation: The Science of People- and Animal- Watching 21
Case Studies: Details, Details, Details 24 ■ Surveys: (A) Always (B) Sometimes (C) Never
(D) Huh? 24 ■ Correlational Studies: Looking at Relationships and Making Predictions 26
28 The Experimental Method
The Ginkgo Biloba Experiment: Testing for Effectiveness 29 ■ The Hotel Experiment: Can
Perceiving Work as Exercise Produce Health Benefits? 30
35 Ethics in Psychological Research
39 Closing Thoughts: Introduction and Research Methods
41 Chapter Review
Key Points 41 ■ Key Terms 42 ■ Key People 43
SECTION 2 PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 2 Neuroscience and Behavior
45 PROLOGUE: Asha’s Story
46 Introduction: Neuroscience and Behavior
47 The Neuron: The Basic Unit of Communication
Characteristics of the Neuron 48 ■ Communication Within the Neuron: The All-or-None Action
Potential 49 ■ Communication Between Neurons: Bridging the Gap 51
Neurotransmitters and Their Effects 53 ■ How Drugs Affect Synaptic Transmission 55
58 The Nervous System and the Endocrine System: Communication Throughout the Body
The Central Nervous System 58 ■ The Peripheral Nervous System 59 ■ The Endocrine
System 61
64 A Guided Tour of the Brain
The Dynamic Brain: Plasticity and Neurogenesis 64 ■ Neurogenesis 66 ■ The Brainstem:
Hindbrain and Midbrain Structures 68 ■ The Forebrain 70
75 Specialization in the Cerebral Hemispheres
Language and the Left Hemisphere: The Early Work of Broca and Wernicke 75
Cutting the Corpus Callosum: The Split Brain 78
84 Closing Thoughts: Neuroscience and Behavior Chapter Review
Key Points 85 ■ Key Terms 86 ■ Key People 87
CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception
89 PROLOGUE: Learning to See
90 Introduction: What Are Sensation and Perception?
Basic Principles of Sensation 91
94 Vision: From Light to Sight
What We See: The Nature of Light 95 ■ How We See: The Human Visual System 96
Processing Visual Information 98 ■ Color Vision 100
104 Hearing: From Vibration to Sound
What We Hear: The Nature of Sound 104 ■ How We Hear: The Path of Sound 105
107 The Chemical and Body Senses: Smell, Taste, Touch, and Position
How We Smell (Don’t Answer That!) 108 ■ Taste 110 ■ The Skin and Body Senses 111
115 Perception
The Perception of Shape: What Is It? 116 ■ Depth Perception: How Far Away Is It? 120
The Perception of Motion: Where Is It Going? 124 ■ Perceptual Constancies 125
126 Perceptual Illusions
The Müller-Lyer Illusion 127 ■ The Moon Illusion 128
129 The Effects of Experience on Perceptual Interpretations
131 Closing Thoughts: Sensation and Perception
133 Chapter Review
Key Points 133 ■ Key Terms 134 ■ Key People 135
CHAPTER 4 Consciousness and Its Variations
137 PROLOGUE: Even in Good Men
138 Introduction: Consciousness: Experiencing the “Private I”
140 Biological and Environmental “Clocks” That Regulate Consciousness
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Body’s Clock 140 ■ Circadian Rhythms and Sunlight:
The 24.2 Hour Day 141
143 Sleep
The Dawn of Modern Sleep Research 143 ■ The Onset of Sleep and Hypnagogic
Hallucinations 144 ■ The First 90 Minutes of Sleep and Beyond 144 ■ Do We Need to
Sleep? 148 ■ Why Do We Sleep? 149
151 Dreams and Mental Activity During Sleep
Sleep and Memory Consolidation: Let Me Sleep On It! 152 ■ Dream Themes and Imagery:
The Golden Horse in the Clouds 154 ■ The Significance of Dreams 156
159 Sleep Disorders
Insomnia: Fragmented, Dissatisfying Sleep 160 ■ Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Blocked Breathing
During Sleep 161 ■ Narcolepsy: Blurring the Boundaries Between Sleep and Wakefulness 162
The Parasomnias: Undesired Arousal or Actions During Sleep 163
168 Hypnosis
Effects of Hypnosis 169 ■ Explaining Hypnosis: Consciousness Divided? 171
173 Meditation
Effects of Meditation 173
175 Psychoactive Drugs
Common Properties of Psychoactive Drugs 175 ■ The Depressants: Alcohol, Barbiturates,
Inhalants, and Tranquilizers 178 ■ The Opiates: From Poppies to Demerol 181
The Stimulants: Caffeine, Nicotine, Amphetamines, and Cocaine 182 ■ Psychedelic Drugs:
Mescaline, LSD, and Marijuana 185 ■ Designer “Club” Drugs: Ecstasy and the Dissociative
Anesthetic Drugs 186
188 Closing Thoughts: Consciousness and Its Variations
191 Chapter Review
Key Points 191 ■ Key Terms 192 ■ Key People 193
SECTION 3 BASIC PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES
CHAPTER 5 Learning
195 PROLOGUE: The Killer Attic
196 Introduction: What Is Learning?
197 Classical Conditioning: Associating Stimuli
Principles of Classical Conditioning 198 ■ Factors That Affect Conditioning 200 ■ From Pavlov
to Watson: The Founding of Behaviorism 202 ■ Conditioned Emotional Reactions 203
207 Contemporary Views of Classical Conditioning
Cognitive Aspects of Classical Conditioning: Reliable Signals 208 ■ Evolutionary Aspects of
Classical Conditioning: Biological Predispositions to Learn 209
212 Operant Conditioning: Associating Behaviors and Consequences
Thorndike and the Law of Effect 213 ■ B. F. Skinner and the Search for “Order in
Behavior” 214 ■ Reinforcement: Increasing Future Behavior 214 ■ Punishment: Using
Aversive Consequences to Decrease Behavior 217 ■ Discriminative Stimuli: Setting the
Occasion for Responding 220 ■ Shaping and Maintaining Behavior 221 ■ Applications of
Operant Conditioning 225
227 Contemporary Views of Operant Conditioning
Cognitive Aspects of Operant Conditioning: Rats! I Thought You Had the Map! 228 ■
Learned Helplessness: Expectations of Failure and Learning to Quit 230 ■ Operant
Conditioning and Biological Predispositions: Misbehaving Chickens 231
232 Observational Learning: Imitating the Actions of Others
Observational Learning in Animals 234 ■ Applications of Observational Learning 236
240 Closing Thoughts: Learning
241 Chapter Review
Key Points 241 ■ Key Terms 242 ■ Key People 243
CHAPTER 6 Memory
245 PROLOGUE: The Drowning
246 Introduction: What Is Memory?
The Stage Model of Memory 246 ■ Sensory Memory: Fleeting Impressions of the World 247
Short-Term, Working Memory: The Workshop of Consciousness 249 ■ Long-Term
Memory 252
257 Retrieval: Getting Information from Long-Term Memory
The Importance of Retrieval Cues 258 ■ The Encoding Specificity Principle 260
Flashbulb Memories: Vivid Events, Accurate Memories? 261
262 Forgetting: When Retrieval Fails
Hermann Ebbinghaus: The Forgetting Curve 263 ■ Why Do We Forget? 263
267 Imperfect Memories: Errors, Distortions, and False Memories
Forming False Memories: From the Plausible to the Impossible 271
275 The Search for the Biological Basis of Memory
The Search for the Elusive Memory Trace 275 ■ The Role of Neurons in Long-Term
Memory 276 ■ Processing Memories in the Brain: Clues from Amnesia 279
284 Closing Thoughts: Memory Chapter Review
Key Points 285 ■ Key Terms 287 ■ Key People 287
CHAPTER 7 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
289 PROLOGUE: The Movie Moment
291 Introduction: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
The Building Blocks of Thought: Mental Imagery and Concepts 291
295 Solving Problems and Making Decisions
Problem-Solving Strategies 295 ■ Obstacles to Solving Problems: Thinking Outside
the Box 298 ■ Decision-Making Strategies 299 ■ Decisions Involving Uncertainty: Estimating
the Probability of Events 300
303 Language and Thought
The Characteristics of Language 303 ■ How Language Influences Thinking 305 ■ Animal
Communication: Can Animals Learn Language? 306
308 Measuring Intelligence
The Development of Intelligence Tests 308 ■ Principles of Test Construction: What Makes a
Good Test? 312
313 The Nature of Intelligence
Theories of Intelligence 313 ■ The Roles of Genetics and Environment in Determining
Intelligence 319 ■ Cross-Cultural Studies of Group Discrimination and IQ Differences 324
327 Closing Thoughts: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
329 Chapter Review
Key Points 329 ■ Key Terms 330 ■ Key People 331
CHAPTER 8 Motivation and Emotion
333 PROLOGUE: One Step at a Time
334 Introduction: Motivation and Emotion
335 Motivational Concepts and Theories
Instinct Theories: Inborn Behaviors as Motivators 335 ■ Drive Theories: Biological Needs
as Motivators 336 ■ Incentive Motivation: Goal Objects as Motivators 331 ■ Arousal
Theory: Optimal Stimulation as a Motivator 337 ■ Humanistic Theory: Human Potential as
a Motivator 338
338 Biological Motivation: Hunger and Eating
Energy Homeostasis: Calories Consumed = Calories Expended 339 ■ Short-Term Signals That
Regulate Eating 340 ■ Long- Term Signals That Regulate Body Weight 342 ■ Excess
Weight and Obesity 343
348 Psychological Needs as Motivators
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 348 ■ Deci and Ryan’s Self-Determination Theory 348
Competence and Achievement Motivation 351
353 Emotion
The Functions of Emotion 353 ■ The Subjective Experience of Emotion 354 ■ The Neuroscience
of Emotion 356 ■ The Expression of Emotion: Making Faces 356
364 Theories of Emotion: Explaining Emotion
The James–Lange Theory of Emotion: Do You Run Because You’re Afraid? Or Are You Afraid
Because You Run? 364 ■ Cognitive Theories of Emotion 367
369 Closing Thoughts: Motivation and Emotion
371 Chapter Review
Key Points 371 ■ Key Terms 372 ■ Key People 372
SECTIOB 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF
CHAPTER 9 Lifespan Development
375 PROLOGUE: The Cheerleader and the Skydiver
377 Introduction: Your Life Story
378 Genetic Contributions to Your Life Story
Your Unique Genotype 379 ■ From Genotype to Phenotype 380
381 Prenatal Development
382 Development During Infancy and Childhood
Physical Development 383 ■ Social and Personality Development 384 ■ Language
Development 387
391 Cognitive Development
398 Adolescence
Physical and Sexual Development 398 ■ Social Development 402 ■ Identity Formation:
Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development 404
406 Adult Development
Physical Changes 406 ■ Social Development 406
409 Late Adulthood and Aging
Cognitive Changes 410 ■ Social Development 410
412 The Final Chapter: Dying and Death
413 Closing Thoughts: Lifespan Development
415 Chapter Review
Key Points 415 ■ Key Terms 416 ■ Key People 417
CHAPTER 10 Gender and Sexuality
419 PROLOGUE: Soaring with Angels
420 Introduction: Gender and Sexuality
421 Gender Stereotypes and Gender Roles
Gender-Related Differences: The Opposite Sex? 422
426 Gender-Role Development: Blue Bears and Pink Bunnies
Gender Differences in Childhood Behavior: Batman Versus Barbie 427 ■ Explaining Gender
Roles: Two Contemporary Theories 429
432 Human Sexuality
First Things First: The Stages of Human Sexual Response 433 ■ What Motivates Sexual
Behavior? 434 ■ Sexual Orientation: The Elusive Search for an Explanation 435
440 Sexual Behavior
How Many Sexual Partners Do People Have? 441 ■ How Often Do People Have Sex? 441
What Do People Actually Do When They Have Sex? 443 ■ What Would People Like to
Do Sexually? 443 ■ Sex after Sixty? Seventy?! Eighty?!! 443
445 Sexual Disorders and Problems
How Common Are Sexual Problems? 445 ■ Categories of Sexual Dysfunctions 446
The Paraphilias: Unusual Sexual Fantasies, Urges, or Behaviors 446 ■ Sexually Transmitted
Diseases 447
451 Closing Thoughts: Gender and Sexuality Application: Men, Women, and Conflict: Bridging
The Gender Gap
453 Chapter Review
Key Points 453 ■ Key Terms 454 ■ Key People 455
CHAPTER 11 Personality
457 PROLOGUE: The Secret Twin
458 Introduction: What Is Personality?
459 The Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality
The Life of Sigmund Freud 460 ■ Freud’s Dynamic Theory of Personality 461 ■ Personality
Development: The Psychosexual Stages 465 ■ The Neo-Freudians: Freud’s Descendants and
Dissenters 468 ■ Evaluating Freud and the Psychoanalytic Perspective on Personality 472
473 The Humanistic Perspective on Personality
The Emergence of the “Third Force” 473 ■ Carl Rogers: On Becoming a Person 474 ■
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective on Personality 476
477 The Social Cognitive Perspective on Personality
Albert Bandura and Social Cognitive Theory 477 ■ Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspective
on Personality 480
481 The Trait Perspective on Personality
Surface Traits and Source Traits 481 ■ Two Representative Trait Theories: Raymond Cattell
and Hans Eysenck 482 ■ Sixteen Are Too Many, Three Are Too Few: The Five-Factor
Model 483 ■ Personality Traits and Behavioral Genetics: Just a Chip off the Old Block? 485
Evaluating the Trait Perspective on Personality 487
488 Assessing Personality: Psychological Tests
Projective Tests: Like Seeing Things in the Clouds 488 ■ Self-Report Inventories: Does Anyone
Have an Eraser? 490
493 Closing Thoughts: Personality
495 Chapter Review
Key Points 495 ■ Key Terms 496 ■ Key People 496
SECTION 5 THE PERSON IN SOCIAL CONTEXT
CHAPTER 12 Social Psychology
499 PROLOGUE: The “Homeless” Man
500 Introduction: What Is Social Psychology?
500 Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Other People
Social Categorization: Using Mental Shortcuts in Person Perception 502 ■ Implicit Personality
Theories: He’s Not That Kind of Person! 502
504 Attribution: Explaining Behavior
The Actor–Observer Discrepancy: You’re a Klutz, but I Slipped on Some Ice! 506 ■ The Self-
Serving Bias: Using Explanations That Meet Our Needs 507
508 The Social Psychology of Attitudes
The Effect of Attitudes on Behavior 509 ■ The Effect of Behavior on Attitudes: Fried
Grasshoppers for Lunch?! 510
511 Understanding Prejudice
From Stereotypes to Prejudice: In-Groups and Out-Groups 512 ■ Overcoming Prejudice 515
517 Conformity: Following the Crowd
Factors Influencing Conformity 518 ■ Culture and Conformity 518
519 Obedience: Just Following Orders
Milgram’s Original Obedience Experiment 519 ■ The Results of Milgram’s Original
Experiment 521 ■ Making Sense of Milgram’s Findings: Multiple Influences 522 ■ Conditions
That Undermine Obedience: Variations on a Theme 522 ■ Asch, Milgram, and the Real
World: Implications of the Classic Social Influence Studies 526
527 Helping Behavior: Coming to the Aid of Strangers
Factors That Increase the Likelihood of Bystanders Helping 528 ■ Factors That Decrease the
Likelihood of Bystanders Helping 529
531 The Influence of Groups on Individual Behavior
Social Loafing: When Individual Effort Is “Lost in the Crowd” 531 ■ Social Facilitation:
Individual Performance in the Presence of Others 532 ■ Deindividuation: When Group
Members Feel Anonymous 532
533 Closing Thoughts: Social Psychology
535 Chapter Review
Key Points 535 ■ Key Terms 537 ■ Key People 537
SECTION 6 PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS, DISORDERS, AND TREATMENT
CHAPTER 13 Stress, Health, and Coping
539 PROLOGUE: Katie’s Story
541 Introduction: What Is Stress?
Sources of Stress 542
546 Physical Effects of Stress: The Mind–Body Connection
Stress and the Endocrine System 547 ■ Stress and the Immune System 549
552 Individual Factors That Influence the Response to Stress
Psychological Factors 553 ■ Social Factors: A Little Help from Your Friends 558
561 Coping: How People Deal with Stress
Two Ways of Coping: Problem-Focused and Emotion-Focused Coping 561 ■ Culture and
Coping Strategies 565
566 Closing Thoughts: Stress, Health, and Coping
568 Chapter Review
Key Points 568 ■ Key Terms 569 ■ Key People 569
CHAPTER 14 Psychological Disorders
571 PROLOGUE: Behind the Steel Door
572 Introduction: Understanding Psychological Disorders
What Is a Psychological Disorder? 573 ■ The Prevalence of Psychological Disorders: A 50–50
Chance? 575
578 Anxiety Disorders: Intense Apprehension and Worry
Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Worrying About Anything and Everything 578 ■ Panic Attacks
and Panic Disorders: Sudden Episodes of Extreme Anxiety 579 ■ The Phobias: Fear and
Loathing 580 ■ Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Reexperiencing the Trauma 582 ■ Obsessive–
Compulsive Disorder: Checking It Again . . . and Again 583
586 Mood Disorders: Emotions Gone Awry
Major Depression: “Like Some Poisonous Fogbank” 587 ■ Bipolar Disorder: An Emotional
Roller Coaster 589 ■ Explaining Mood Disorders 590
592 Eating Disorders: Anorexia and Bulimia
596 Personality Disorders: Maladaptive Traits
Paranoid Personality Disorder: Pervasive Distrust and Suspiciousness 596 ■ Antisocial
Personality Disorder: Violating the Rights of Others 598 ■ Borderline Personality
Disorder: Chaos and Emptiness 598
599 The Dissociative Disorders: Fragmentation of the Self
Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue: Forgetting and Wandering 600 ■ Dissociative Identity
Disorder: Multiple Personalities 600
602 Schizophrenia: A Different Reality
Symptoms of Schizophrenia 603 ■ Types of Schizophrenia 605 ■ The Prevalence and Course
of Schizophrenia 606 ■ Explaining Schizophrenia 606
611 Closing Thoughts: Psychological Disorders
613 Chapter Review: Psychological Disorders
Key Points 613 ■ Key Terms 615
CHAPTER 15 Therapies
617 PROLOGUE: “A Clear Sense of Being Heard . . .”
618 Introduction: Psychotherapy and Biomedical Therapy
620 Psychoanalytic Therapy
Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 620 ■ Short-Term Dynamic Therapies 622
623 Humanistic Therapy
Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy 623
625 Behavior Therapy
Techniques Based on Classical Conditioning 626 ■ Techniques Based on Operant
Conditioning 629
631 Cognitive Therapies
Albert Ellis and Rational-Emotive Therapy 631 ■ Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy 633 Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 635
635 Group and Family Therapy
Group Therapy 635 ■ Family and Couple Therapy 636
638 Evaluating the Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
Is one Form of Psychotherapy Superior? 639 ■ What Factors Contribute to Effective
Psychotherapy? 642
644 Biomedical Therapies
Antipsychotic Medications 645 ■ Antianxiety Medications 647 ■ Lithium 648
Antidepressant Medications 648 ■ Electroconvulsive Therapy 650
652 Closing Thoughts: Therapies
654 Chapter Review: Therapies
Key Points 654 ■ Key Terms 656 ■ Key People 656
APPENDIX A
Statistics: Understanding Data
A-1 PROLOGUE: The Tables Are Turned: A Psychologist Becomes a Research Subject
A-2 Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distribution A-2 ■ Measures of Central Tendency A-4 ■ Measures of Variability A-5
Scores and the Normal Curve A-7 ■ Correlation A-8
A-11 Inferential Statistics
A-13 Endnote
A-14 Appendix Review: Statistics: Understanding Data
Key Points A-14 ■ Key Terms A-14
APPENDIX B
Industrial/Organizational Psychology
B-2 What Is Industrial/Organizational Psychology?
B-2 History of I/O Psychology
B-3 Industrial (Personnel) Psychology
Job Analysis B-3 ■ A Closer Look at Personnel Selection B-4
B-7 Organizational Behavior
Job Satisfaction B-7 ■ Leadership B-8
B-11 Workplace Trends and Issues
Workforce Diversity: Recruiting and Retaining Diverse Talent B-11 ■ Telework and
Telecommuting: The Best Retention Tool B-12 ■ Internet Recruiting: Using the Web to
Recruit Top Talent B-13 ■ Work-Life Balance: Engaging and Retaining Employees with
Families B-13
B-13 Employment Settings, Type of Training, Earnings and Employment Outlook
B-15 Appendix Review: Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Key Points B-15 ■ Key Terms B-15
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Illustration Credits IC-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
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