Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Genetic Modification of Plants Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2010 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, merupakan buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Genetic Modification
of Plants Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Oleh: Frank Kempken, et al (Editor)
Penerbit: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman: 683 hal.
Editor:
Prof. Dr. Frank Kempken
Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden
Christian Albrechts University of Kiel
Olshausenstr. 40
24098 Kiel, Germany
fkempken@bot.uni-kiel.de
Prof. Dr. Christian Jung
Plant Breeding Institute
Christian Albrechts University of Kiel
Olshausenstr. 40
24098 Kiel, Germany
c.jung@plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de
Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini ditulis dengan maksud untuk kembali ke fakta-fakta. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sejumlah buku berfokus pada tanaman GM telah diterbitkan. Beberapa di antaranya mencakup semua aspek, termasuk spesies tanaman kecil. Jadi, mengapa ada kebutuhan untuk buku baru? Buku ini mencoba untuk mengatasi semua aspek tanaman GM, termasuk pekerjaan mereka dalam prosedur pabrik-pemuliaan, dan implikasi sosial ekonomi mereka. Buku ini mencoba untuk menekankan bahwa tanaman GM antara lain alat penting dalam pemuliaan tanaman untuk memperluas variasi genetik spesies tanaman.
Buku ini disusun menjadi empat bagian. Bagian pertama dengan rincian teknis rekayasa genetika tanaman. Bagian kedua memperkenalkan karakter tanaman GM, sedangkan bagian ketiga menyajikan aplikasi dalam sistem produksi pertanian. Itu penawaran bagian terakhir dengan penilaian risiko dan implikasi ekonomi, aspek yang penting tanaman GM. Artikel yang ditulis oleh para ilmuwan yang memiliki panjang pengalaman di bidang keahlian mereka.
Daftar Isi:
Part A Generation and Analysis of Transgenic Plants
1 Plant Nuclear Transformation 3
John J. Finer
1.1 Introduction to Plant Transformation 3
1.2 Transient Expression 4
1.3 Agrobacterium Background 6
1.4 Particle Bombardment 10
1.5 Other Direct DNA UptakeApproaches 12
1.6 Evidence for Transformation 16
1.7 Conclusions 18
References 18
2 Plastid Transformation 23
Heribert Warzecha and Anna Hennig
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Delivery of Transforming DNA to the Chloroplast 24
2.3 Vector Design 27
2.4 Transgene Stacking and Control of Gene Expression 30
2.5 Selection 31
2.6 Marker Gene Excision 32
2.7 Analysis 33
2.8 Conclusions 34
References 34
3 Concepts of Marker Genes for Plants 39
Josef Kraus
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Criteria for Choosing the Marker Gene System 40
3.3 Availability of Selectable Marker Gene Systems and Alternatives 42
3.4 Conclusions and Perspective 53
References 54
4 Precise Breeding Through All-Native DNA Transformation 61
Caius M. Rommens
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Examples of the Intragenic Modification in Potato 62
4.3 Requirements for the All-Native DNA Transformation of Potato 65
4.4 Intragenic Tomato (S. esculentum): Concentrating the Quality Potential of Tomato
into its Fruit 67
4.5 Exploring the Diversity of Solanaceous Crops 68
4.6 Intragenic Modification of Alfalfa: Optimization of a Forage Feed 69
4.7 Exploiting Native Genetic Elements for Canola Oilseed Improvements 70
4.8 Drought-Tolerant Perennial Ryegrass 71
4.9 Bruise-Tolerant Apple 72
4.10 Native Markers for Intragenic Transformation 72
4.11 Intragenic Crops Are at Least as Safe as Those Developed Through Traditional
Methods 73
4.12 Conclusions 74
References 74
5 Gene Silencing in Plants: Transgenes as Targets and Effectors 79
Andreas E. Mu ller
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Mechanisms of Gene Silencing 80
5.3 Silencing of Transgene Expression 85
5.4 Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenic Plants 90
5.5 Conclusions 94
References 94
6 Breeding with Genetically Modified Plants 103
Christian Jung
6.1 Genetic Variation in Plant Breeding 103
6.2 Breeding Aims 103
6.3 Methods for Introducing Transgenes into Elite Plant Material 105
6.4 Breeding Methods 107
6.5 Safety and Legal Aspects of GMO Breeding 112
6.6 Non-Transgenic Versus Transgenic Breeding 114
6.7 Conclusions 115
References 116
7 Detection of Genetically Modified Plants in Seeds, Food and Feed 117
Lutz Grohmann
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Techniques Used to Detect a Transgenic Plant 118
7.3 Detection Strategies 124
7.4 Conclusions 132
References 132
Part B Selected Characters of Transgenic Plants and Their Application in Plant Production
8 Drought Stress Tolerance 139
Dorothea Bartels and Jonathan Phillips
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Transgenic Plant Strategies for Enhanced Drought Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 140
8.3 Future Prospects: “Climate-Ready” Crops 153
References 154
9 Herbicide Resistance 159
Micheal D.K. Owen
9.1 Introduction 159
9.2 Specific Crops with Herbicide Resistance 164
9.3 Implications of Genetically Modified Herbicide Resistance on Cropping Systems 167
9.4 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds 169
9.5 Conclusions 172
References 173
10 Insect and Nematode Resistance 177
Tim Thurau, Wanzhi Ye, and Daguang Cai
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 R Gene-Mediated Resistance 178
10.3 Engineering of Insect and Nematode Resistance 182
10.4 Conclusions 189
References 189
11 Metabolic Engineering 199
Lars M. Voll and Frederik Bo¨rnke
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Strategies for Metabolic Engineering in Plants 200
11.3 Engineering of Primary Metabolism 201
11.4 Engineering of Secondary Metabolism for Human Health and Nutrition 212
11.5 Conclusions 214
References 214
12 Pharmaceuticals 221
Andreas Schiermeyer and Stefan Schillberg
12.1 Introduction 221
12.2 Expression Systems 222
12.3 Post-Translational Modifications 226
12.4 Downstream Processing 228
12.5 PMPs in Advanced Development 228
12.6 Conclusion 231
References 232
13 Biopolymers 237
Maja Hu¨hns and Inge Broer
13.1 Introduction 237
13.2 Transgene-Encoded Biopolymers 238
13.3 Conclusion 247
References 248
14 Engineered Male Sterility 253
Frank Kempken
14.1 Introduction 253
14.2 Natural Male Sterility Systems in Plants 254
14.3 Methods of Producing Male-Sterile Plants 256
14.4 Strategies for the Multiplication of Male-Sterile Lines 259
14.5 Commercial Use of Male Sterility 261
14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 261
References 262
Part C Transgenic Plants in Breeding and Crop Production
15 Cotton 269
Keerti S. Rathore
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 Importance and Potential Impact of Genetic Modification in Cotton 270
15.3 Transformation of Cotton and its Improvement via Genetic Modification 271
15.4 Future Perspectives 280
References 281
16 Triticeae Cereals 287
Jochen Kumlehn, Grit Zimmermann, Carolin Berger, Cornelia Marthe, and Goetz Hensel
16.1 Introduction 287
16.2 Tolerance to Abiotic Stress 290
16.3 Resistance to Fungal Infection 292
16.4 Resistance to Viral Infection 296
16.5 Resistance to Insects 297
16.6 Grain Quality 297
References 300
17 Fruit Crops 307
Magda-Viola Hanke and Henryk Flachowsky
17.1 Introduction 307
17.2 Temperate Fruit Crops 308
17.3 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops 324
References 330
18 Maize 349
David D. Songstad
18.1 Introduction 349
18.2 Culture Media and Supplements 350
18.3 Genotype 351
18.4 Explant 351
18.5 Transformation 352
18.6 Benefits 361
References 363
19 Ornamentals 369
Thomas Debener and Traud Winkelmann
19.1 Introduction 369
19.2 Flower Colour Modifications 370
19.3 Postharvest Quality 374
19.4 Plant Architecture 376
19.5 Disease Resistance 378
19.7 Modification of Flower Structure 382
19.8 Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance 383
19.9 Modification of Floral Scent 384
19.10 Conclusion 385
References 385
20 Potato 393
Jens Lu¨beck
20.1 Introduction 393
20.2 Pathogen Resistance 394
20.3 Tuber Quality Traits 397
20.4 Nutritional Value 398
20.5 Production of Biopolymers 401
References 404
21 Rapeseed/Canola 409
Christian Mollers
21.1 Introduction 409
21.2 Transformation Using Direct Gene Transfer Methods 410
21.3 Transformation Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens 410
21.4 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Breeding 414
21.5 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Crop Production 417
21.6 Conclusions 419
References 419
22 Rice 423
Hao Chen, Yongjun Lin, and Qifa Zhang
22.1 Introduction 423
22.2 Rice Transformation Technology and Functional Genomics 424
22.3 Insecticidal Rice 425
22.4 Disease-Resistant Rice 427
22.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance 429
22.6 Quality Improvement 433
22.7 Nutrient-Use Efficiency 434
22.8 Yield 437
22.9 Herbicide-Tolerant Rice 439
22.10 Prospects 440
References 441
23 Sugarcane 453
Fredy Altpeter and Hesham Oraby
23.1 Introduction 453
23.2 Origin 453
23.3 Sugarcane Breeding, Biotechnology and Biosafety 454
23.4 In Vitro Culture 455
23.5 Genetic Engineering of Sugarcane 457
23.6 Future Trends 466
References 467
24 Soybean 473
Jack M. Widholm, John J. Finer, Lila O. Vodkin, Harold N. Trick, Peter LaFayette, Jiarui Li,
and Wayne Parrott
24.1 Introduction 473
24.2 Methodology 474
24.3 Applications of Transformation Technology 480
24.4 Gene Discovery and Promoters 486
24.5 Future of Soybean Transformation 490
References 491
25 Vegetables 499
Evelyn Klocke, Thomas Nothnagel, and Gu¨nter Schumann
25.1 Introduction 499
25.2 Economically Important Vegetable Families 515
25.3 Conclusions 528
References 529
Part D Risk Assessment and Economic Applications
26 Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits 553
Yann Devos, Karine Lheureux, and Joachim Schiemann
26.1 Introduction – From Foragers to Genetic Modification in a Genomic Era 553
26.2 Regulatory Oversight of GM Plants and Their Derived Food and Feed Products 555
26.3 Risk Assessment Principles 557
26.4 EFSA GMO Panel Guidance and Further Prospectives 565
26.5 Discussion and Conclusions 568
References 571
27 Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Maize Expressing Cry1 Proteins 575
Detlef Bartsch, Yann Devos, Rosie Hails, Jozsef Kiss, Paul Henning Krogh, Sylvie Mestdagh,
Marco Nuti, Angela Sessitsch, Jeremy Sweet, and Achim Gathmann
27.1 Introduction 575
27.2 Potential Unintended Effects on Plant Fitness Due to the Genetic Modification 576
27.3 Potential for Gene Transfer 571
27.4 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Target Organisms 578
27.5 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Non-Target Organisms 581
27.6 Potential Impacts on Human and Animal Health 599
27.7 Potential Interaction with the Abiotic Environment and Biogeochemical Cycles 599
27.8 Impacts of the Specific Cultivation, Management and Harvesting Techniques 601
27.9 Monitoring 602
27.10 Conclusions 603
References 604
28 Benefits of Transgenic Plants: a Socioeconomic Perspective 615
Matin Qaim and Arjunan Subramanian
28.1 Introduction 615
28.2 Impacts of Insect-Resistant Crops 616
28.3 Impacts of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops 622
28.4 Potential Impacts of Future Transgenic Crops 624
28.5 Conclusions 626
References 627
29 Risk Assessment and Economic Applications – the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety:
GMO Approval and Import on a World-Wide Scale 631
Joachim Bendiek and Hans-Jo¨rg Buhk
29.1 Introduction 631
29.2 The Cartagena Protocol on Biological Safety 632
29.3 GMO Approval 637
29.4 GMO Approval, GMO Labelling and GMO Trade 645
29.5 Conclusions 646
References 646
30 Public Perceptions of Modern Biotechnology and the Necessity to Improve
Communication 649
Roger J. Busch
30.1 Introduction 649
30.2 Societal Debate and Its Problems 650
30.3 Insufficient Approaches 656
30.4 Improvements of Communication with the Public 657
References 661
Index 663
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