Friday, August 28, 2015

Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry






Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Genetic Modification of Plants Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun  2010  Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York, merupakan buku edisi  Pertama.


Judul:    Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry: Genetic Modification
of Plants Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
Oleh: Frank Kempken, et al (Editor)
Penerbit:   Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York
Tahun: 2010
Jumlah Halaman:  683  hal.

Editor:
Prof. Dr. Frank Kempken

Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden
Christian Albrechts University of Kiel
Olshausenstr. 40
24098 Kiel, Germany
fkempken@bot.uni-kiel.de

Prof. Dr. Christian Jung
Plant Breeding Institute
Christian Albrechts University of Kiel
Olshausenstr. 40
24098 Kiel, Germany
c.jung@plantbreeding.uni-kiel.de

Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini ditulis dengan maksud untuk kembali ke fakta-fakta. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir sejumlah buku berfokus pada tanaman GM telah diterbitkan. Beberapa di antaranya mencakup semua aspek, termasuk spesies tanaman kecil. Jadi, mengapa ada kebutuhan untuk buku baru? Buku  ini mencoba untuk mengatasi semua aspek tanaman GM, termasuk pekerjaan mereka dalam prosedur pabrik-pemuliaan, dan implikasi sosial ekonomi mereka. Buku ini mencoba untuk menekankan bahwa tanaman GM antara lain alat penting dalam pemuliaan tanaman untuk memperluas variasi genetik spesies tanaman.
Buku ini disusun menjadi empat bagian. Bagian pertama dengan rincian teknis rekayasa genetika tanaman. Bagian kedua memperkenalkan karakter tanaman GM, sedangkan bagian ketiga menyajikan aplikasi dalam sistem produksi pertanian. Itu penawaran bagian terakhir dengan penilaian risiko dan implikasi ekonomi, aspek yang penting tanaman GM. Artikel yang ditulis oleh para ilmuwan yang memiliki panjang pengalaman di bidang keahlian mereka.

Daftar Isi:


Part A Generation and Analysis of Transgenic Plants
    1     Plant Nuclear Transformation 3
           John J. Finer
           1.1   Introduction to Plant Transformation 3
           1.2   Transient Expression   4
           1.3   Agrobacterium Background  6
           1.4   Particle Bombardment  10
           1.5   Other Direct DNA UptakeApproaches  12
           1.6   Evidence for Transformation  16
           1.7   Conclusions  18
           References   18
    2     Plastid Transformation  23
           Heribert Warzecha and Anna Hennig
           2.1   Introduction  23
           2.2   Delivery of Transforming DNA to the Chloroplast  24
           2.3   Vector Design  27
           2.4   Transgene Stacking and Control of Gene Expression  30
           2.5   Selection  31
           2.6   Marker Gene Excision  32
           2.7   Analysis  33
           2.8   Conclusions  34
           References   34
    3     Concepts of Marker Genes for Plants  39
           Josef Kraus
           3.1     Introduction  39
           3.2     Criteria for Choosing the Marker Gene System  40
           3.3     Availability of Selectable Marker Gene Systems and Alternatives  42
           3.4     Conclusions and Perspective  53
           References   54
    4     Precise Breeding Through All-Native DNA Transformation 61
           Caius M. Rommens
          4.1   Introduction  61
          4.2   Examples of the Intragenic Modification in Potato  62
          4.3   Requirements for the All-Native DNA Transformation of Potato  65
          4.4   Intragenic Tomato (S. esculentum): Concentrating the Quality Potential of Tomato
                  into  its Fruit   67
          4.5   Exploring the Diversity of Solanaceous Crops  68
          4.6   Intragenic Modification of Alfalfa: Optimization of a Forage Feed   69
          4.7   Exploiting Native Genetic Elements for Canola Oilseed Improvements  70
          4.8   Drought-Tolerant Perennial Ryegrass  71
          4.9   Bruise-Tolerant Apple  72
        4.10  Native Markers for Intragenic Transformation 72
        4.11   Intragenic Crops Are at Least as Safe as Those Developed Through Traditional
                  Methods  73
        4.12   Conclusions  74
        References  74
    5     Gene Silencing in Plants: Transgenes as Targets and Effectors 79
           Andreas E. Mu ller
           5.1   Introduction   79
           5.2   Mechanisms of Gene Silencing   80
           5.3   Silencing of Transgene Expression  85
           5.4   Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenic Plants  90
           5.5   Conclusions  94
           References  94
    6     Breeding with Genetically Modified Plants  103
          Christian Jung
           6.1   Genetic Variation in Plant Breeding   103
           6.2   Breeding Aims  103
           6.3   Methods for Introducing Transgenes into Elite Plant Material  105
           6.4   Breeding Methods  107
           6.5   Safety and Legal Aspects of GMO Breeding  112
           6.6   Non-Transgenic Versus Transgenic Breeding   114
           6.7    Conclusions   115
           References   116
    7     Detection of Genetically Modified Plants in Seeds, Food and Feed   117
           Lutz Grohmann
           7.1  Introduction   117
           7.2  Techniques Used to Detect a Transgenic Plant  118
           7.3  Detection Strategies  124
           7.4  Conclusions  132
           References   132

Part B Selected Characters of Transgenic Plants and Their Application in Plant Production
    8     Drought Stress Tolerance   139
           Dorothea Bartels and Jonathan Phillips
           8.1  Introduction  139
           8.2  Transgenic Plant Strategies for Enhanced Drought Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants  140
           8.3   Future Prospects: “Climate-Ready” Crops  153
           References   154
    9     Herbicide Resistance  159
           Micheal D.K. Owen
           9.1  Introduction  159
           9.2  Specific Crops with Herbicide Resistance  164
           9.3  Implications of Genetically Modified Herbicide Resistance on Cropping Systems  167
           9.4  Herbicide-Resistant Weeds  169
           9.5  Conclusions  172
           References    173
    10   Insect and Nematode Resistance  177
          Tim Thurau, Wanzhi Ye, and Daguang Cai
          10.1 Introduction  177
          10.2 R Gene-Mediated Resistance  178
          10.3 Engineering of Insect and Nematode Resistance  182
          10.4 Conclusions  189
          References   189
    11  Metabolic Engineering  199
          Lars M. Voll and Frederik Bo¨rnke
          11.1 Introduction  199
          11.2 Strategies for Metabolic Engineering in Plants  200
          11.3 Engineering of Primary Metabolism   201
          11.4 Engineering of Secondary Metabolism for Human Health and Nutrition  212
          11.5 Conclusions  214
          References   214
    12  Pharmaceuticals  221
          Andreas Schiermeyer and Stefan Schillberg
          12.1 Introduction  221
          12.2 Expression Systems  222
          12.3 Post-Translational Modifications  226
          12.4 Downstream Processing  228
          12.5 PMPs in Advanced Development  228
          12.6 Conclusion  231
          References   232
    13  Biopolymers  237
          Maja Hu¨hns and Inge Broer
          13.1 Introduction 237
          13.2 Transgene-Encoded Biopolymers  238
          13.3 Conclusion  247
          References  248
    14  Engineered Male Sterility  253
          Frank Kempken
          14.1 Introduction  253
          14.2 Natural Male Sterility Systems in Plants  254
          14.3 Methods of Producing Male-Sterile Plants  256
          14.4 Strategies for the Multiplication of Male-Sterile Lines  259
          14.5 Commercial Use of Male Sterility   261
          14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives    261
           References    262

Part C Transgenic Plants in Breeding and Crop Production
    15  Cotton  269
          Keerti S. Rathore
          15.1 Introduction   269
          15.2 Importance and Potential Impact of Genetic Modification in Cotton   270
          15.3 Transformation of Cotton and its Improvement via Genetic Modification   271
          15.4 Future Perspectives   280
           References   281
    16   Triticeae Cereals  287
           Jochen Kumlehn, Grit Zimmermann, Carolin Berger, Cornelia Marthe, and Goetz Hensel
           16.1 Introduction   287
           16.2 Tolerance to Abiotic Stress   290
           16.3 Resistance to Fungal Infection  292
           16.4 Resistance to Viral Infection  296
           16.5 Resistance to Insects  297
           16.6 Grain Quality  297
           References   300
    17   Fruit Crops  307
           Magda-Viola Hanke and Henryk Flachowsky
           17.1 Introduction  307
           17.2 Temperate Fruit Crops   308
           17.3 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops  324
           References   330
    18   Maize  349
           David D. Songstad
           18.1 Introduction  349
           18.2 Culture Media and Supplements  350
           18.3 Genotype  351
           18.4 Explant  351
           18.5 Transformation  352
           18.6 Benefits  361
           References   363
    19   Ornamentals  369
           Thomas Debener and Traud Winkelmann
           19.1 Introduction  369
           19.2 Flower Colour Modifications  370
           19.3 Postharvest Quality  374
           19.4 Plant Architecture  376
           19.5 Disease Resistance   378
           19.7 Modification of Flower Structure  382
           19.8 Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance  383
           19.9 Modification of Floral Scent  384
           19.10 Conclusion   385
           References   385
    20   Potato   393
           Jens Lu¨beck
           20.1 Introduction   393
           20.2 Pathogen Resistance  394
           20.3 Tuber Quality Traits  397
           20.4 Nutritional Value  398
           20.5 Production of Biopolymers  401
           References   404
    21   Rapeseed/Canola  409
           Christian Mollers
           21.1 Introduction  409
           21.2 Transformation Using Direct Gene Transfer Methods  410
           21.3 Transformation Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens  410
           21.4 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Breeding   414
           21.5 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Crop Production  417
           21.6 Conclusions  419
           References   419
    22   Rice   423
           Hao Chen, Yongjun Lin, and Qifa Zhang
           22.1 Introduction  423
           22.2 Rice Transformation Technology and Functional Genomics  424
           22.3 Insecticidal Rice   425
           22.4 Disease-Resistant Rice   427
           22.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance  429
           22.6 Quality Improvement  433
           22.7 Nutrient-Use Efficiency  434
           22.8 Yield   437
           22.9 Herbicide-Tolerant Rice  439
           22.10 Prospects  440
           References   441
    23   Sugarcane   453
           Fredy Altpeter and Hesham Oraby
           23.1 Introduction  453
           23.2 Origin   453
           23.3 Sugarcane Breeding, Biotechnology and Biosafety  454
           23.4 In Vitro Culture   455
           23.5 Genetic Engineering of Sugarcane  457
           23.6 Future Trends  466
           References  467
    24  Soybean  473
          Jack M. Widholm, John J. Finer, Lila O. Vodkin, Harold N. Trick, Peter LaFayette, Jiarui Li, 
          and Wayne Parrott
          24.1 Introduction  473
          24.2 Methodology  474
          24.3 Applications of Transformation Technology  480
          24.4 Gene Discovery and Promoters   486
          24.5 Future of Soybean Transformation  490
          References    491
    25  Vegetables   499
          Evelyn Klocke, Thomas Nothnagel, and Gu¨nter Schumann
          25.1 Introduction  499
          25.2 Economically Important Vegetable Families 515
          25.3 Conclusions  528
          References   529

Part D Risk Assessment and Economic Applications
    26  Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits  553
          Yann Devos, Karine Lheureux, and Joachim Schiemann
          26.1 Introduction – From Foragers to Genetic Modification in a Genomic Era   553
          26.2 Regulatory Oversight of GM Plants and Their Derived Food and Feed Products   555
          26.3 Risk Assessment Principles  557
          26.4 EFSA GMO Panel Guidance and Further Prospectives  565
          26.5 Discussion and Conclusions  568
           References   571
    27  Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Maize Expressing Cry1 Proteins  575
          Detlef Bartsch, Yann Devos, Rosie Hails, Jozsef Kiss, Paul Henning Krogh, Sylvie Mestdagh, 
           Marco Nuti, Angela Sessitsch, Jeremy Sweet, and Achim Gathmann
          27.1 Introduction  575
          27.2 Potential Unintended Effects on Plant Fitness Due to the Genetic Modification  576
          27.3 Potential for Gene Transfer  571
          27.4 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Target Organisms  578
          27.5 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Non-Target Organisms  581
          27.6 Potential Impacts on Human and Animal Health  599
          27.7 Potential Interaction with the Abiotic Environment and Biogeochemical Cycles   599
          27.8 Impacts of the Specific Cultivation, Management and Harvesting Techniques   601
          27.9 Monitoring   602
          27.10 Conclusions   603
          References   604
    28  Benefits of Transgenic Plants: a Socioeconomic Perspective  615
          Matin Qaim and Arjunan Subramanian
          28.1 Introduction   615      
          28.2 Impacts of Insect-Resistant Crops  616
          28.3 Impacts of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops   622
          28.4 Potential Impacts of Future Transgenic Crops  624
          28.5 Conclusions  626
          References   627
    29  Risk Assessment and Economic Applications – the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: 
          GMO Approval and Import on a World-Wide Scale   631
          Joachim Bendiek and Hans-Jo¨rg Buhk
          29.1 Introduction  631
          29.2 The Cartagena Protocol on Biological Safety  632
          29.3 GMO Approval  637
          29.4 GMO Approval, GMO Labelling and GMO Trade   645
          29.5 Conclusions   646
          References    646
    30  Public Perceptions of Modern Biotechnology and the Necessity to Improve
          Communication  649
          Roger J. Busch
          30.1 Introduction   649
          30.2 Societal Debate and Its Problems  650
          30.3 Insufficient Approaches   656
          30.4 Improvements of Communication with the Public  657
          References   661
Index   663

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