Critical Thinking Skills Developing Effective Analysis and Argument
Buku ini diterbitkan tahun 2005 Oleh Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. New York adalah buku edisi Pertama.
Judul: Critical Thinking Skills Developing Effective Analysis and Argument
Oleh: Stella Cottrell
Penerbit: Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. New York
Tahun: 2005
Jumlah Halaman: 234 hal.
Penulis:
Stella Cottrell
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Lingkup Pembahasan:
Buku ini bertujuan untuk membantu pembaca mengembangkan pemahaman tentang apa yang dimaksud dengan berpikir kritis dan mengembangkan keterampilan penalaran mereka sendiri. Keterampilan ini sangat penting untuk mereka maju ke tingkat yang lebih tinggi dari studi akademis,
apakah di tingkat lanjutan atau gelar. Namun, konsep dasar yang berguna untuk siapa pun
yang ingin: memahami konsep-konsep yang digunakan dalam berpikir kritis; mengembangkan pemikiran yang lebih jelas; menafsirkan dan menghasilkan argumen yang lebih efektif; Lebih jeli apa yang mereka lihat dan dengar.
Buku ini berfokus terutama pada aspek berpikir kritis yang dapat diterapkan untuk bekerja dan belajar, dan yang membantu individu untuk berpikir tentang bagaimana mereka pikir. Hal ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menjadi maju Studi penalaran abstrak atau logika. Untuk ini, pembaca disebut karya-karya seperti A. Garnham dan J. Oakhill (1994), Thinking and Reasoning, and A. Fisher (1988), The Logic Real Argzments. Sebaliknya, tujuannya adalah untuk fokus pada dasar-dasar pemikiran yang jernih.
Buku ini dimulai dari premis bahwa keterampilan dalam penalaran dapat dikembangkan melalui
pemahaman yang lebih baik dari pemikiran kritis memerlukan apa dan dengan praktek.
Buku ini mengemukakan bahwa berpikir kritis adalah aktivitas kognitif, terkait dengan penggunaan pikiran. Belajar berpikir dengan cara kritis analitis dan evaluatif berarti menggunakan proses mental seperti perhatian, kategorisasi, seleksi, dan penilaian. Namun, banyak orang yang memiliki potensi
untuk mengembangkan pemikiran kritis yang lebih efektif dapat dicegah dari melakukannya untuk berbagai alasan selain dari kurangnya kemampuan. Secara khusus, alasan pribadi dan emosional, atau 'afektif', dapat menciptakan hambatan.
Daftar Isi:
Introduction viii
Glossary xii
Acknowledgements xiv
1 What is critical thinking? 1
Introduction 1
What is critical thinking? 2
Reasoning 3
Why develop critical thinking skills? 4
Underlying skills and attitudes 5
Self-awareness for accurate judgement 6
Personal strategies for critical thinking 7
Critical thinking in academic contexts 8
Barriers to critical thinking 10
Critical thinking: knowledge, skills and attitudes 13
Priorities: developing critical thinking abilities 14
Summary 16
2 How well do you think? Develop your thinking skills 17
Introduction 17
Assess your thinking skills 18
Scoring Sheet 22
Focusing attention 23
Focusing attention: Identifying difference 24
Focusing attention: Recognising sequence 25
Categorising 27
Activity: Categorising text 28
Close reading 29
Information about the sources 31
Answers to activities in Chapter 2 32
3 What's their point? Identifying arguments 37
Introduction 37
The author's position 38
Activity: Capturing the author's position 39
Argument: Persuasion through reasons 40
Identifying the argument 41
Activity: Identifying simple arguments 44
Activity: Reasons and conclusions 45
Hunting out the conclusion 46
Summary of features 47
Summary 48
Information about the sources 48
Answers to activities in Chapter 3 49
4 Is it an argument? Argument and non-argument 51
Introduction 51
Argument and disagreement 52
Activity: Argument and disagreement 53
Non-arguments: Description 54
Non-arguments: Explanations and summaries 55
Activity: What type of message? 56
Distinguishing argument from other material 58
Activity: Selecting out the argument 59
Summary 61
Information about the sources 61
Answers to activities in Chapter 4 62
5 How well do they say it? Clarity, consistency and structure 63
Introduction 63
How clear is the author's position? 64
Internal consistency 65
Activity: Internal consistency 66
Logical consistency 67
Activity: Logical consistency 68
Independent reasons and joint reasons 69
Activity: Independent and joint reasons 70
Intermediate conclusions 71
Intermediate conclusions used as reasons 72
Activity: Intermediate conclusions 73
Summative and logical conclusions 74
Activity: Summative and logical conclusions 75
Logical order 76
Activity: Logical order 77
Summary 78
Information about the sources 78
Answers to activities in Chapter 5 79
6 Reading between the lines: Recognising underlying assumptions and implicit arguments 85
Introduction 85
Assumptions 86
Activity: Identify the underlying assumptions 8 7
Identifying hidden assumptions 88
Implicit assumptions used as reasons 89
Activity: Implicit assumptions used as reasons 90
False premises 9 1
Activity: False premises 92
Implicit arguments 93
Activity: Implicit arguments 94
Denoted and connoted meanings 95
Activities: Associations and stereotypes 97
Activity: Denoted and connoted meanings 98
Summary 99
Information about the sources 99
Answers to activities in Chapter 6 100
7 Does it add up? Identifying flaws in the argument 105
Introduction 105
Assuming a causal link 106
Correlations and false correlations 107
Activity: Identify the nature of the link 108
Not meeting the necessary conditions 109
Not meeting sufficient conditions 110
Activity: Necessary and sufficient conditions 111
False analogies 112
Activity: False analogies 113
Deflection, complicity and exclusion 114
Other types of flawed argument 115
Unwarranted leaps and 'castle of cards' 116
Emotive language; Attacking the person 11 7
More flaws 118
Misrepresentation and trivialisation 119
Tautology; Two wrongs don't make a right 120
Summary 121
Information about the sources 121
Answers to activities in Chapter 7 122
8 Where's the proof? Finding and evaluating sources of evidence 125
Introduction 125
Primary and secondary source materials 126
Searching for evidence 127
Literature searches 128
Reputable sources 129
Authenticity and validity 130
Currency and reliability 131
Selecting the best evidence 132
Relevant and irrelevant evidence 133
Activity: Relevant and irrelevant evidence 134
Representative samples 135
Activity: Representative samples 136
Certainty and probability 137
Sample sizes and statistical significance 138
Over-generalisation 139
Controlling for variables 140
Facts and opinions 141
Eye-witness testimony 142
Triangulation 143
Evaluating a body of evidence 144
Summary 145
Information about the sources 145
Answers to activities in Chapter 8 146
9 Critical reading and note-making: Critical selection, interpretation and noting of source
material 147
Introduction 147
Preparing for critical reading 148
Identifying the theoretical perspective 149
The relation of theory to argument 150
Categorising and selecting 151
Accurate interpretation when reading 152
Making notes to support critical reading 153
Reading and noting for a purpose 154
Concise critical notes: Analysing argument 155
Concise critical notes: Books 156
Concise critical notes: Articles and papers 157
Critical selection when note-making 158
Activity: Critical selection 159
Commentary on critical selection 161
Note your source of information 162
Summary 164
Information about the sources 164
Answers to activities in Chapter 9 165
10 Critical, analytical writing: Critical thinking when writing 167
Introduction 167
Characteristics of critical, analytical writing 168
Setting the scene for the reader 170
Activity: Setting the scene for the reader 171
Writing up the literature search 172
Words used to introduce the line of reasoning 173
Words used to reinforce the line of reasoning (2) 174
Signposting alternative points of view 175
Words used to signpost conclusions 177
Words and phrases used to structure the line of reasoning 178
Drawing tentative conclusions 179
Activity: Writing conclusions 180
Summary 181
Information about the sources 181
Answers to activities in Chapter 10 182
11 Where's the analysis? Evaluating critical writing 183
Introduction 183
Checklist for Essay 1 184
Evaluate Essay 1 185
Evaluation of Essay 1 187
Commentary for Essay 1 188
Checklist for evaluating Essay 2 190
Evaluate Essay 2 191
Evaluation of Essay 2 192
Commentary on Essay 2 194
Evaluating your writing for critical thinking 196
Summary 198
Texts for activities in Chapters 8, 9 and 11 199
Practice activities on longer texts 207
Practice 1: Features of an argument 208
Answers to Practice 1: Features of an argument 212
Practice 2: Finding flaws in the argument 215
Answers to Practice 2: Finding flaws in the argument 219
Practice 3: Features of an argument 223
Answers to Practice 3: Features of an argument 229
Practice 4: Finding flaws in the argument 234
Answers to Practice 4: Finding flaws in the argument 239
Appendix: Selected search engines
and databases for on-line literature
searches 245
Bibliography
Index
Berminat?
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